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THE 


HISTORY 

OP 


NORTH  AMERICA, 


..^ 


CONTAINING 


A  review  of  the  Customs  and  Manners  of  the  origiiiii^ 

Inhabitants ;    the  first  Settlement  of  the  British 

Colonies ;  and  their  Rise  tmfd  Progress,  from 

the  eariiOTt  period  to  the  time  of  their 


■•*:• 


bec|illo2   Unitkd,  Frbe,  and 

LN«ri 


'ENDENT  STATES. 
BY  MR.  COOPER. 
TomkitkaAdded, 

AN  APPENDIX, 

CONTAINING 

The  Constitution  or  the  United  States,  DeclI- 
EATioN  OF  Independence,  Washington's  Fare- 
WELL  Address,  and  the  principal  Land  and 
Naval  Engagements  since  the  commencement 

OF  THE  present  WAR  WITH  GrEAT-BrITAIN. 


« 


f 


HJiRTFORD : 
jj^UBLISHED  BY  W.  S.  MARSH. 


■•••••••• 


1814. 
B.  Sf  J.  Russell f  jr. — Priniert, 


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PREFACE. 


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FUTURE  generations  rvUl,  perhaps,  view  the 
late  RevoltUion  in  North  America^  <is  the  most  singu* 
lar  pfienomenifh  thai  ever  appeared  in  the  political 
kemispJiere  of  any  nation* 

To  point  out  the  gradual  sttps  by  which  America 
JinaHy-  obtained  her  IndependencCy  to  describe  those 
terriblt  scenes  of  rapine,  blood,  and  sUmghter,  which 
accompanied  those  struggles,  so  fatal  to  thousands  of 
brave  officers  and  men  on  both  sides,  and  so  ruinous 
to  tiie  finances  of  the  another  country,  are  principally 
the  objects  of  this  epiUnne, 

Jn  the  execution  of  0us  business,  we  have  endeamt^- 
ed  to  divest  ourselves  of  every  spark  of  natiorud  pre- 
judice, and  have,  therefore,  contented  ourselves  with 
boidy  relating  fads,  without  presuming  to  give  our 
opinion  thereon,  wishing  to  leave  our  readers  the  sole 
Somr  of  judging  for  themseleef. 


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iv 


i*REr^cr. 


Besides  the  deiaU  of  these  important  eventSf  we  ktme 
given  an  account  of  Uie  customs  and  manners  of  the 
migiruU  inhabitants  of  North  America^  and  such  ae 
they  nearly  are  at  Utis  day. 

We  have  also  shown  aH  what  ttme,  and  by  nhaJt 

causes,  Uie  British  Colonies  in  North  AmerieOj  were 

first  settled;   and  have  marked  their  rise  from  their 

original  insignificaince,  till  they  became  THIRTEiE^t 

UXITBD  AND  VmEPENDENT  STATES, 

.,-  *■■■]■.:  ...   ji^f*,*    .•:    .  *     ■- 


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contents; 

.       ^  ,  CHAPTER  I. 

9ESCRIFT|0N  of  the  penom,  mamiers,  and  cus- 

X,  toma  of  the  origiiiai^iiibabitaiits  qi  North  America. 

:  '      Their  <b*efl8,  edacationimd  employments.— 

'  Their  hospitality  and'^reeeBtme"^!^. — ^Liberty,  the 

*  darling  paasion  of  the  original.natiTea. ^Feasts, 

•n    what  oecasioBs    app«inted< ^Method    of 

•  atoning  for  murder. ^Mourning  for  their  dead. 

^The  feast  >  of  souDi; ^Method  ef  preparing 

'  fbr  war. I^Iiserabte  state  of  their  prisonera.- 

Bagfi  15.. 

r  CHAPTER  Ii: 

Account  of  the  first  settlers  of  North  Ameriea. — 

Settlement  at  New  Plymouth. -The  Puritans 

purchase  and  settle  tb«  Massachusetts  Bay. 

Connecticut  and  New-rHaTfH  colonies  settled. 


-*> 


ProTldence   and   Rhode  Island^  Kew^Hampshirey 
and  the  Maine,  New- York,  New-lemy,^  Virgraia, 
Marjiand,  Cardtina,  Pennsylvania,  I)elaware  and; 
Georgia.  Page  33. 

A2 


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CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER  III. 


Expedition  against  Louisburgh — General  Braddock 
defeated — ^Massachusetts  assembly  declare  against 
parliamentary  taxes,  the  stamp  act — Riots  at  Bos- 
ton on  account  of  that  act — ^The  stamp  actrepeat* 
ed— Mr.  Charles  Townsend's  bill  for  taxing  the 
colonies  afresh — Troops  ordered  to  Boston — Sol- 
diers at  Boston  fire  on  the  inhabitants — East-India 
company  empowed  id  export  their  own  Teas — ^Tee 
thrown  into  the  sea  at  Boston — ^Measures  pursued 
relative  to  (he  Boston  port  bill — ^Massachusetts  peo- 
ple prepare  to  defend  their  rights  by  arms — Gage 
fortifles  th^  entrance  into  Boston — Fuiceedings^  in 
the  B  houses  of  Parliament — Gen.  Gage  sends 
troops  to  Salem— He  sends  troops  to  Concord  and 
Lexington,  who  are  dlsfeated — ^The  restraining  bills 
— Howe,  Clinton,  and  Burgoyne  sail  for  Boston. 

CHAPTER  rV. 

The  expedition  against  Ticonderoga.  George  Wash- 
ingtoB,  Esquire,  elected  commander  in  chief 
©f  the  continental  forces.  The  battle  at  Breed^s  faiH| 
eommouly  called  Bunker's  hill.—Gcorgia  actedfe* 


.Stt- 


il 


iiiiiimiliiuiL  ni 


CONTENTS  ftf 

to  the  unioD.    The  Thirteen  United  Coloniee.  The 

Asia  man  of  war  fires  upon  New-Tork.    Colonel 

t 'Arnold's  expedition  into  Canada.    Falmouth  des** 

'^ye^t  and  on  what  account— Colonel  Allen,  an 

'  American  officer,  taken  prisoner,  and  put  in  irons. 

General  Montgomery  appears  before  Quebec,  and 

is  killed  in  storming  the  city.  Pag^  71.. 


-v- 


CHAPTER  V. 

6enerat  Howe  evacuates  Boston.  Norfolk  in  Virginia' 
burnt.  Sir  Peter  Parker  and  Earl  Comwain» 
sail  for  America  The  blockade  of  Quebec  coi> 
tinned.  The  Americans  retreat  from  before  it.  Ar 
Bumb^  of  Highlanders  and  Col.  Campbell  taken  a^ 
Boston.  Declaration  of  American  Independence.- 
den.  Howe  lauds  the  rojai  army  on  Long  Island. 

Page  93 


•v/ 


CHAPTER  Vr.  , 

Wretched  state  of  the  American  armies  under  VTasli- 
ington  and  Gates.    New- York  taken  by  the  En^ 
lish.    The  battle  of  the  White  Plains.    A  body  of 
[essians  defeated  at  Trenton.  Gen.  Howe  removed 
visie  army  from  Btattn  Island.    G^n.  Burgoyne  pfO- 


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^Niii  CONTENTS: 

eeedi  to  Crowo  Poiut  Ticonderoga  and  Fort  Ut 
dependence  evacuated  by  fhe  Americana.  Descrif)- 
tibn  of  the  flag  of  the  United  States.  Battle  at  the 
Brandywine.  Philadelphia  takeo  by  the  royal  for- 
ces. Account  of  Miss  M'Rea's  cruel  death  by  the 
Indians.  Americans  engage  the  British  under  Gen- 
eral Burgoyne.  Distress  and  calamity  of  the  royal 
amiy.  General  Burgoyne  baffled  in  all  his  design?/ 
and  reduced  to  the  last  extremity.  He  signs  the 
conTention.  Page  116. 


1' 


CHAPTER  Vn. 


■'It 


Count  Donop  repulsed  in  the  attack  upon  Red-Bank. 
Mud  Island  reduced -by  the  British. — Congress  r^ 
ceiTe  the  treaties  concluded  between  France  and 
the  United  States^  The  Randolph,  an  Afineriean 
Frigate,  blown  up^  Sir  Henry  Clinton  succeeds 
Gen.  Howe  in  America.  The  Marquis  de  la  Fay- 
ette, with  2500  m^9  Jiarrowly  escapes  being  cut  off 
,by  the  British  forces.  The  treaties  between  France 
and  the  United  States  signed.  Lord  North's  con- 
ciliatory propositions.      Messrs.  Franklin,  Deane, 

I  and  Lee,  have  a  public  audience  at  the  French, 
court.    The  British  army  evacuates  Philadelphia, 
^irmishes  between  the  British  and  Americans. 


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*fnie  Brttifh  wny  at  Sandy  Hook.  Count  de  i^fo 
tang^li  fleet  anchora  within  the  Hoob»  Qot.  Johi^ 
stone  attero^iB  to  corrapt  certain  members  of  Con- 
gress.   Dr  Franklin  appointed  miniater  at  the  court 

page  13E 


(Bfl'rance. 


,»*       *♦*»»*•  ' 


h. 


CHAPTER  VIU. 

The  British  operations  against  Georgia.  The  affaird 
of  the  United  States  in  a  deplorable  condition.  Gefi. 
Lincoln  sent  to  South  Carolina, — Gm^.  Aahe  sur- 
l^rised  and  defeated. — Sir  Henry   Clipton     takea 

.  Stoney  Point. — Count  d'Estaing  sails  irom  the 
We^.t- )  ndies  for  the  American  coast  The  French 
md  Americans  repulsed  at  Sayannab.  Distress  of 
General  Washington's  army  for  want  of  breafi 
Charleston  taken  by  the  British  forces.  Tarteten 
defeats  Cokmet  Buford.  A  French  fleet  with  troops, 
arriye  at  Newport.  Treaty  signed  between  Holtend: 
and  America.  Earl  Coinwallis  defeats  Genertf 
Gates.  Major  Andre  taken  and  executed  as  a  spy. 
General  Arnold  takes  refuge  on  board  the  Vulture 
sToop^ofwar.  Pag^  Ibt 


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\- 


Sir  H.  Cfihton  sends  3000  troops  to  the  Chesapeake 
Bay — ^The  French  and  Spanish  fleets  form  a  junc- 
tion in  the  West-Indies — ^Mr.  Laurens  taken^.OftJhiS' 
passage  to  Holland — Sir  Joseph  York  leaves  the* 
Hague — ^Lieutenant  Colonel  Tarleton  detached  after 
Qen.  Morgan,  by  whom  he  is  defeated — ^Lord  Coni- 
wallis  attlicks  Gen.  ^reene,  and  defeats  him — Sir 
G.  Rodney  and  Qen.  Vaughan  take  St.  Eiistatia, 
fit  Martins,  and  Seba — ^The  French  troops  join 
Ae  Americans,  under  G^ieral  Washington — Sir 
Samuel  Hood  and  Cwmt  de  Grasse  engage^— Lord 
ComwaUls  repmrs  to  Torktown  and 'Gloucester—^ 

.      ■•  ■  •% 

Is  besieged  by  the  allied  army — A  capitulation  set^ 
tied,  and  Lord  Cdrowaflis  surrenders  the  posts  of 
Torktown  and  Gloucester — ^The  British  fleet  and  ar- 
my, destined  for  the  relief  of  Lord  Comwallis  arrive 
-  ♦« 

off  the  Chesapeake,  after  his  surrender,  and  learn- 

ifig  his   fate  return  to  N.  York — Count  de  Grasse 
sails  for  the  West-Indies,  PagtldV. 

CHAPTER  X. 

Mr.  Laurens  discharged  from  his  conflftement  ia  the 
,73ower  of  London.    Sir  George  Rodney  comes^  up- 


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CONTENTS.  3l 

with  Count  de  Grasse  ib  the  West-Indies.  They 
engage.  Count  de  Grasse  is  defeated  and  taiLen. 
The  necessity  of  peace  for  the  United  States  of  A- 
merica.  Savannah  eyacuated  by  the  British  forces. 
'Charleston  also  eyacuated.  Provisional  articles  of 
peace  signed  betiveen  the  British  and'Americaa 
Commissioners.  The  deSnitiyc  treaty  of  peaiee) 
signed  between  the  English,  French,  Span!  >h,  and 
Americans.  Page  195. 


^m 


If 


^•,t  ^^^^^  APPElfDIX. 


^Constitution  of  the  United  States,  Page  209 

Declaration  of  Independence,  244 

President  Washington's  Farewell  Address,  2d3 

Declaration  of  War,  and  the  surrender  of  De- 
troit by  Gen.  Hull,  28%^ 
Capture  of  the  British  Frigate  Guerriere,             287 
Capture  of  the  British  Sloop  of  War  Frolic,         290 
Capture  of  the  British  Frigate  Macedonian,         298 
Capture  of  the  British  Frigate  Java,  298 
Capture  of  the  British  Sloop  of  War  Peacock,     305 
C^tiffe  of  Little  York,  the  Capital  of  the  Pro- 
tiiKeef  Upper  Canada,                             3Q« 


CepHre  of  Fori  Georgia,  31^ 

Attack  on  Sacket'8  Harbor,     -  316 

€iaptiire  of  the  U.  States  Frigate  Chesapeake,  918 
I^Bjpture  of  the  British  fleet  on  Lake  Erie,  consist- 

ing  of  ax  Ships  of  Was,  920 

Capture  of  the  Indian  and  Biitbh  forces,  ondcr 

Majo^  General  Proctor^  52S 


« 


r* 


THC 

HISTORY 

■  ■  OP  • ;  ■ 

NORTH  AMERICA. 


»^'i  ■ 


Wvvww\^/wvwwv' 


.y&li^(ik|ivwvw 


CHAPT^i 


JJEFORE  we  proceed  to  describe  what  Ame* 
rica  is  at  present,  or  by  what  means  she  became  in- 
dependent of  the  mother  country,  it  cannot  be  disa- 
greeable  to  our  readers,  to  be  Informed  of  the  pep- 
sons,  customs,  and  manners,  of  the  original  inha- 
bitants of  NorUb  America. 

The  native  American  Indians  are  tall  and  straight 
in  their  limbs,  beyond  the  proportion  of  most  na- 
tions. Their  bodies  are  strong,  but  more  fitted  to 
«udure  much  hardship,  than  to  continue  long  at  any 
servile  work,   which  they  cannot  support.    Their 

•bodies  and  heads  are  flatish ;  their  features  are  even 
B 


0 


iw^in,jliuji«yij!»l!^.-. 


!.|liPP.|P!pip|Pi^ 


V 


t% 


THE  HISTORY  OP 


and  regular,  but  their  countenances  fierce;  their 
hair  long,  black,  lank,  and  very  strong,  but  without 
beards.  The  colour  of  their  skin  is  a  reddish  brown, 
which  most  of  them  admire,  and  take  proper  me- 
tbods  to  improve. 

The  Europeans  on  their  first  arrival  in  America, 
found  the  In;iians  quite  naked,  except  those  pftrts, 
which  it  is  common  i$r  the  most  uncivilized  people 
to  conceal.  Since  that  time  they  have  generally  a 
coarse  blaliket  to  cover  them,  which  they  buy  from 
•their  neighbors.  The  whole  tenor  of  their  lives  is 
©f  a  piece :  they  are  hardy,  poor,  and  squalid  ; 
and  their  education,  from  their  infancy,  is  solely  di- 
tected  to  iit  their  bodies  for  the  mode  of  life  they 
pursue,  and  to  form  their  minds  to  inflict  and  endure 
the  greatest  evils.  Their  only  occupations  are  hunt- 
ing and  war,  for  agriculture  is  left  wholly  to  their 
women. 

As  soon  as  their  hunting  season  is  over,  which 
they  go  through  with  much  patience,  and  in  which 
they  exert  great  ingenuity,  they  pass  the  rest  of  their 
lives  in  entire  indolence.  They  sleep  half  the  day 
iu  their  huts,  and  observe  no  bounda  of  decency  in 
tlieir  eating  and  drinking.     Before  the  Europeans 


^ 


^^v^^^^-^-^. 


NORTH  AMERICA. 


W 


discovered  them,  they  had  no  spiritous  riqnors  ;  but 
now  the  acquirement  of  theie  is  the  principle  object 
of  their  pursuit. 

The  Indians  are  grave,  even  to  sadness,  in  their 
deportment  upon  any  serious  occasion ;  obsertant  of 
those  in  company,  respectful  to  the  old,  and  of  a 
temper  cool  and  deliberate.  They  are  never  in 
haste  to  speak  before  they  hAw^  thought  well  of  the 
matter,  and  are  sure  the  person  who  spoke  before 
them,  has  finished  all  he  has  to  say.  lliey  have, 
therefore,  the  greatest  contempt  foi*  the  vivacity  of 
the  Europeans,  who  interrupt  each  other,  and  fre- 
quently speak  all  altogether.  In  ttieir  public  coun- 
cils and  assemblies,  every  man  speaks  in  his  turn, 
according  as  his  years,  his  wisdom,  or  his  services 
to  his  country,  have  ranked  him.  Not  a  word,  not 
a  whisper,  not  a  mu|*n:Hir  is  lieard  from  the  rest  while 
he  speaks ;  no  indecent  condemnation,  no  ill-timed 
applause.  The  younger  class  attend  for  their  instruc- 
tion, and  here  they  learn  the  history  of  their  nation ; 
here  they  are  inflamed  with  the  songs  of  those  who 
'  -^lebrate  the  warlike  actions  of  their  ancestors  j  and 
here  they  are  taught  what  are  the  interests  of  ^their 
country,  and  how  to  pi^rsue  them. 


# 


';^?^-''^^ 


16 


THE  HISTORY  OP 


Though  the  American  Indian  is  naturally  humane 
and  hospitable;  yet  to  the  enemies  of  his  country, 
or  to  those  who  have  privately  offended  him,  he  is 
implacable.  He  conceals  his  resentment,  he  appears 
reconciled,  till,  by  some  treachery  of  surprize,  he 
has  an  opportunity  of  executing  an  horible  revenge. 
No.  length  of  time  is  sufficient  to  allay  his  resent- 
ment, no  distance  of  place  great  enough  to  protect 
the  object ;  he  crSises  the  steepest  mountains,  he 
pierces  the  most  in^pervious  forests,  and  traverses  ■ 
the  most  hideous  bogs  and  deserts  for  some  hun- 
dreds of  miles,  bearing  the  inclemency  of  the  sea- 
sons, the  fatigue  of  the  expedition,  the  extremes  of 
hunger  and  thirst,  with  patience  and  cheerfulness, 
in  hopes  of  surprising  his  enemy,  on  whom  he  ex- 
ercises the  most  shocking  barbarities. 

The  Americans  have  scarce  any  temples  ;  for,  as 
they  live  by  hunting,  inhabit  mean  cottages,  and  are 
given  to  change  their  habitation,  ihey  are  seldom 
very  religiqps.  Some  appear  ia  have  little  ideas  of 
God  'f  others  entertain  better  notions,  and  hold  the 
existence  of  the  Supreme  Being,  eternal  and  uncor- 
ruptible, who  has  power  over  all.  Satisfied  with 
owning  this,  which  is  traditionary  among  them,  they 
pay  him  no  sort  of  worship. 


I 


i.;;0iimf  r^rr^r  •p""*"  •*"»9"wr. 


NORTH  AMERICA.  It 

The  darling  passion  of  the  Americans  is  liberty, 
and  that  in  its  fullest  extent ;  to  liberty  the  native 
Indians  sacrifice  every  thing.  This  is  wiiat  makes 
«  life  of  uncertainty  and  want  supportable  \o  tliem ; 
and  their  education  is  directed  in  such  a  manner  as 
to  cherish  this  disposition  to  the  utmost.  They  are 
indulged  in  all  manner  of  liberty ;  they  are  never, 
upon  any  account,  chastised  with  blows,  and  very 
rarely  even  chidden. 

Though  some  tribes  are  found  in  America,  with  a 
king  at  their  head,  yet  his  power  is  rather  persuasive 
than  coercive,  and  he  is  reverenced  as  a  Father, 
more  than  feared  as  a  monarch.  He  has  no  guards, 
no  prisons,  no  officers  of  justice.  In  some  tribes 
there  are  a  kind  of  nobility,  who  when  they  come  to 
years  of  discretion,  are  entitled  to  a  place  and  vote 
in  the  councils  of  the  nation.  But  among  the  Five 
Nations,  or  Iroquois,  the  most  celebrated  Common- 
wealth of  North  America,  and  in  some  other  nations, 
there  is  no  other  qualification  absolutely  necessary 
for  the  head  men,  but  age,  with  ability  and  experi- 
ence in  their  afiairs. 


Whenever  any  affaif  of  consequence  is  to  be  trans- 
acted, they  appoint  a  feast,  of  which  almost  the  whole 

B  2     . 


•■E'l 


ppliiiiiiill 


iiiPRiiPliiPliliiPMii 


18 


THE  HISTORY  OP 


uatiou  partak€s.  There  are  smaller  feasts  on  mat- 
ters  of  less  general  concern,  to  which  none  are  invit- 
ed but  those  who  are  engaged  in  that  particular  busi- 
ness. At  these  feasts  it  is  against  all  rule  to  leave 
any  thing ;  so  that  if  they  cannot  eat  all,  what  re- 
mains is  thrown  into  the  fire.  They  look  upon  fire 
as  a  thing  sacred,  and  in  all  probability  their  feasts 
were  anciently  sacrifices.  Before  the  entertainment 
is  ready,  the  princij^l  person  begins  a  song,  the  sub- 
ject of  which  is  the  fabulous  or  real  history  of  their 
nation,  the  remarkable  events  which  have  happened, 
and  whatever  matters  may  conduce  to  their  honor 
or  instruction.  The  others  sing  in  their  turn ;  they 
have  dances  too,  with  which  they  accompany  their 
songs,  chiefly  of  a  martial  kind;  and  no  solemnity 
or  public  business  is  carried  on  without  such  songs 
and  dances. 

The  charge  of  the  internal  peace  and  order,  is 
likewise  committed  to  the  same  council  of  the  elders, 
which  regulates  whatever  regards  the  external  policy 
of  the  state.  Their  suits  are  few  and  quickly  decid- 
ed, having  neither  property  nor  art  enough  to  render 
them  perplexed  or  tedious. 


r-^r^i-^T^ 


NORTH  AMERICA,  It 

The  loss  of  any  of  their  people,  whether  by  war, 
or  a  natural  death,  is  lamented  by  the  whole  town 
he  belongs  to.      In  such  circumstances,  no  business 
is  taken  in  hand,  however  important ;   nor  any  re- 
joicings permitted,  however  interesting  the  occasion, 
until  all  the  pious  ceremonies  due  to  the  dead,  are 
performed,  which  are  always  discharged  with  the 
greatest  solemnity.     The  dead  body  is  washed,  an- 
nointed,  and  painted,  so  as  in  some  measure  to  abate 
the  horrors  of  death.    Then  the  women  lament  the 
loss  with  the  most  bitter  cries,  and  the  most  hideous 
bowlings,  intermixed  with  songs,  which  celebrate  the 
great  actions  of  the  deceased,  and  those  of  bis  ances- 
tors.    The  men  mourn  in  a  less  extravagant  manner. 
The  whole  village  attends  the  bod^  to  the  grave, 
which  is  then  interred,  habited  in  the  most  sumptu- 
ous ornaments.     With  the  body  of  the  deceased  are 
placed  his  bow  and  arrows,   with  what  he  valued 
most  in  life,  and  provisions  for  the  long  journey  he 
is  to  take.     Feasting  attends  this,  as  it  does  every 
solemnity.: 

No  instances  of  regard  to  their  deceased  friends 
are  so  striking  as  what  they  call  the  Feast  of  the 
Dead,,  or  the  Feast  of  Souls,    The  day  of  this  cere- 


^ 


"giatgaBida' 


it  THB  BISTORT  OF 

mony  is  appointed  in  the  council  of  their  chiefs,  who 
give  ordera  for  every  thing  that  may  enable  them  to 
celebrate  it  with  pomp  and  magnificence.  The 
neighboring  people  are  invited  to  partake  of  the 
feast,  and  to  be  witnesses  of  the  solemnity.  At  this 
time,  all  who  have  died  since  the  last  solemn  feast  of 
that  kind,  are  taken  out  of  their  graves ;  those  who 
have  been  interred  at  the  greatest  distance  from  the 
villages  are  diligently  sought  after,  and  brought  to 
this  great  rendezvous  of  sepulchral  relics. 

The  opening  of  these  tombs  displays  one  of  the 
most  striking  scenes  that  can  be  conceived.  This 
humiliating  portrait  of  human  misery,  exhibited  in 
so  many  images  of  death,  wherein  a  thousand  vari' 
ous  shapes  of  horr  jr  are  depicted,  according  to  the 
diffct-ent  ravages  that  time  has  made,  forms  altogeth- 
er a  scene  too  indelicate  to  be  here  described.  I 
know  not  which  ought  to  affect  us  most,  the  hor^ 
vor  of  so  striking  a  sight,  or  the  tender  piety  and 
affection  of  those  poor  people  towaids  their  depart- 
ed friends. 

This  strange  festival  is  the  most  magnificent  and 
solemn  of  any  they  have,  not  only  on  account  of 
the  great  concourse  of  natives  and  strangers,  and 


NORTH  AMERICA. 


Si 


of  the  pompous  re-interment  they  gire  to, the  deaJ» 
whom  they  dress  in  the  finest  skins  they  can  gef^ 
after  having  exposed  them  some  time  in  this  pomp, 
but  for  the  games  of  all  kinds  which  they  celebrate 
upon  the  occasion,  in  the  spirit  of  those  which  the 
ancient  Greeks  and  Romans  celebrated  upon  similar 
occasions.  In  this  manner  do  they  endeavor  to 
soothe  the  calamities  of  this  life,  by  the  honors 
they  pay  to  the  dead.  Though  among  these  8avag« 
nations  this  custom  is  impressed  with  strong 
marks  of  the  ferocity  of  their  nature ;'  yet  an  honor 
to  the  dead,  a  tender  feeling  of  their  absence,  and 
a  revival  of  their  memory,  are  some  of  the  most 
excellent  means  of  softening  our  rugged  nature  into 
humanity. 

Though  the  women  in  America  have  generally 
the  laborious  part  of  economy  upon  themselves, 
yet  they  are  far  from  being  the  slaves  they  appear, 
and  are  not  at  all  subject  to  the  great  subordination, 
in  which  they  are  placed  in  countries  where  they 
seem  to  be  more  respected.  On  the  contrary,  they 
hold  their  councils,  and  have  their  share  in  all  deliber- 
ations that  concern  the  state  ;  nor  are  they  found  in- 
ferior to  the  part  they  act.    Polygamy  is  practiseil 


•V, 


m 


pplPPH|Pip!np|mpinP«||i|iii!liiM|lMilllUii| 


22 


THE  HWTORY  OP 


by  some  Baiions,  but  it  is  not  general. — In  most  pla- 
ces they  content  tliemselves  with  one  wife  ;  but  a 
divorce  is  admitted,  and  for  the  same  causes  that  it 
was  allowed  among  the  Jews,  Greeks,  and  Romanf* 
No  nation  of  the  Americans  is  without  a  regular 
marriage,  in  which  there  are  many  ceremonies.  In- 
continent before  marriage,  after  wedlock  the  chasti- 
ty of  their  women  is  remarkable.  The  punishment 
of  the  adultress,  as  well  as  that  of  the  adulterer, 
is  in  the  handf  of  the  husband  himself,  and  it  is  oF* 
ten  severe,  being  inflicted  by  him  who  is  at  once  the 
party  and  the  judge.  Their  marriages  are  not  fruit- 
ful, seldom  producing  above  two  or  three  children ; 
and  from  hence  we  may  derive  the  prirtcipal  cause 
of  the  depopulation  of  America. 

The  manner  of  their  preparing  for  war  and  their 
mode  of  carrying  it  on,  seem  peculiar  to  themselves. 
Almost  the  sole  occupation  of , the  American  Indian 
is  war,  or  such  an  exercise  as  qualifies  him  for  it.  His 
whole  glory  consists  in  this,  and  no  man  is  at  all 
considered,  until  he  has  increased  the  strength  of  his 
country  with  a  captive,  or  adorned  &is  hat  with  the 
scalp  of  one  of  his  enemies.  When  the  ancients 
resolve  upon  war,  they  do  not  always  declare  what 


■\ 


NORTH  AMERICA. 


US 


nation  it  is  they  are  determined  to  attack,  that  the 
enemy  upon  whom  they  really  intend  to  fall,  may 
be  off  their  guard :  and  they  sometimes  even  let 
whole  years  pass  over  without  committing  any  act  of 
liostility,  that  the  vigilance  of  all  may  be  unbent  by 
the  long  continuance  of  the  watch,  and  the  uncer- 
tainty of  the  danger. 

In  the  mean  time,  they  are  not  idle  at  home.' — 
The  prinv  ipal  captain  summons  the  youth  of  the 
town  to  which  he  belongs,  the  war  kettle  is  set  on 
the  tire,  the  war  songs  and  dances  commence,  the 
hatchet  is  sent  to  the  villages  and  allies  of  the  same 
nation,  and  the  most  hideous  bowlings  continue, 
without  intermission,  day  and  night,  over  the  whole 
tract  of  country.  The  women  add  their  cries  to 
those  of  the  men,  lamenting  those  whom  they  have 
either  lost  in  war  or  by  natural  death,  and  demand- 
ing their  places  to  be  supplied  by  their  enemies. 

The  fury  of  the  nation  being  thus  raised  to  the 
greatest  height,  and  all  longing  to  imbrue  their  handa 
in  blood,  the  war  captain  prepares  the  feast,  which 
consists  of  dog's  flesh.  All  that  partake  of  this  feast 
receive  little  billets,  which  are  so  many  en^gements 
they  take  to  be  faithful  to  each  other,  and  obedient 
to  their  commander.    None  are  forced  to  the  war. 


S4 


THE  HISTORY  OF 


I 

I" 


but  when  they  have  accepted  this  billet,  they  are 
looked  upon  as  enlisted,  and  it  is  then  death  to  re- 
cede. All  the  warriors  in  this  assembly  have  their 
feces  bbr'iened  with  charcoal,  intermixed  with  ashes 
and  streaks  of  vermilion,  which  give  them  a  most 
horrid  appearance.  Their  hair  is  dressed  up  in  an 
^dd  manner,  with  featiiers  of  various  kinds. 

In  this  assembly,  which  is  preparatory  to  their 
military  expedition,  the  chief  beglas  the  war  song, 
which  having  continued  for  some  time,  he  raises 
ills  voice  to  the  highest  pitch,  ^nd  turning  off  sud- 
denly in  a  sort  of  prayer,  he  addresses  himself  to  the 
God  of  war,  whom  they  call  Areskoni.  "  I  invoke 
thee,  (says  he)  to  be  favorable  to  my  enterprize!  I 
invoke  thy  care  of  me  and  my  family  !  I  iiivoke 
ye  Ukewise,  all  ye  spirits  and  demons  good  and 
«vil !  all  ye  that  are  in  the  skies,  or  on  the  earthy 
or  under  the  earth,  to  pour  destrucHoa  on  our  ene- 
mies, and  to  return  me  and  my  companions  safely  to 
my  country  j"  All  the  warriors  join  him  in  hi*prayer 
with  shouts  and  acclamations.  The  captain  renews 
his  song,  strikes  his  ciui)  against  the  stakes  of  the 
cottage,  and  begins  the  war  dance,  accompanie<| 
with  the  shouts  of  all  his  coinr;:  anions,  which  continue 
aa  long  as  he  dances. 


!l" 


«■ 


NORTH  AMERICA.  &« 

On  the  day  appointed  for  their  deparlure  they 
lake  leave  of  their  friends,  and  change  their  clothes 
or  what  moveahles  they  have,  in  token  of  friendship. 
Their  wives  and  female  relations  go  out  before  them 
«nd  attend  at  some  distance  from  the  towjp.  The 
warriors  march  out  all  dressed  in  their  finest  appar<>i 
and  most  showy  ornaments,  regularly  one  after  an- 
other^ for  they  never  march  in  rank.  Their  Chief 
walks  slowly  on  before  them,  singing  the  death  song, 
while  the  rest  preserve  the  most  profound  silence.  . 
When  they  come  up  to  the  women,  they  deliver  to 
them  all  their  finery,  put  on  their  worst  clothes,  and 
then  proceed  as  their  commander  directs. 

The  Indians  seldom  engage  In  a  war  Upon  motives 
common  to  Europe ;  they  have  no  other  end  but  the 
glory  of  victory,  or  the  benefit  of  their  slaves,  which 
it  enables  them  to  add  to  their  nation,  or  sacrifice  to 
their  br  ital  fuiy ;  and  it  is  veyy  seldom,  that  they 
take  any  palne  to  give  thehr  wars  even  the  colour  of 
.  justice.  They  Eiometimes  fall  on  one  nation  and 
sometimes  on  ainoifier,  and  surprize  some  of  their 
hunters,  whom  tkey  scalp  iind  bring  home  as  prison- 
ers. Their  stmafoR]  wink  at  this  or  rather  encourage 
ity  as  it  tends  to  keep  up  the  martial  spirit  of  the  peo* 

pie,  inures  them  to  watchfulness  and  hardships,  and 

C 


i.J^|  JilJUpillMipKlUlf  lW.il!  V  i|U,U 


t6 


THE  HISTORY  OF 


^ives  them  an  early  taste  for  blood.     The  qualities 
of  an  Indian  war  are  vigilance  and  attention,  and  to 
give  and  avoid  a  surprize ;  and  patience  and  strength  to 
endure  the  intolerable  fatigues  and  hardiihips  which 
always  jttend  it 

They  often  enter  a  village,  while  &e  strength  of 
the  nation  is  employed  in  hunting,  and  massacre  all 
the  helpless  old  men,  women,  and  children,  or  make 
prisoners  of  as  many  as  they  can  manage,  or  have 
strength  enough  to  be  useful  to  their  nation.  They 
often  cat  o£r  small  parlies  of  men  in  their  huntings : 
but  when  they  discover  an  army  of  their  enemies, 
their  way  is  to  throw  themselves  flat  on  their  faces 
among  the  withered  leaves,  the  colour  of  which  their 
bodies  are  painted  exactly  to  resemble.  They  gen- 
erally let  a  part  pass  unmolested,  and  theiu,  rising 
a  little,  they  tak^:  aim,  being  excellent  marksmen, 
and  setting  up  a  tremendous  shout,  which  they  call 
the  war-cry,  they  pour  a  stream  of  muskef  bullets 
on  the  enemy,  having  long  since  laid  aside  the  use 
of  arrows.  The  party  attacked  returns  the  same  cry. 
Every  man  in  haste  retires  behind  a  tree,  returns  the 
lire  of  the  adverse  party,  as  soon  as  they  arise  from 
the  ground  to  give  the  second  discharge. 


■>w>..iiM<i*M ^~mm^  ■!■  ^^^mMimmM^miiiimimimt^i^iB 


'^/ffj^lr'lf^^mw^;  ■" 


NORTH  AMERICA. 


27 


Having  fought  some  time  in  this  manner,  the  pfir« 
if  which  thinks  it  has  the  advantage  rushes  out  of 
its  cover,  with  small  axes  in  their  hands,  which  they 
dart  with  great  address  and  dexterity.  They  redouble 
their  cry,  intimidate  their  enemies  with  menaces, 
and  encourage  each  other  with  a  boastful  display  of 
their  own  brave  actions.  Thus  having  come  hand 
to  hand,  the  contest  is  soon  decided,  and  the  con- 
querors satiate  their  savage  fury  with  the  most  shock- 
iog  insults  and  barbarities  to  the  dead,  biting  their 
flesh,  tearing  their  scalps  from  their  heads,  and  wal- 
lowing in  their  blood,  like  the  wild  beasts  of  the 
forest. 

The  fate  of  their  prisoners  is  indeed  miserable. 
During  the  greater  part  of  their  journey  homewards 
they  suffer  no  injury ;  but  when  they  anive  at  the 
territories  of  the  conquering  state,  or  at  those  of 
their  allies,  the  people  from  every  village  meet 
them,  and  thmk  they  shew  their  attachment  to  their 
firiends  by  the  barbarous  treatment  of  the  unhappy 
victims,  who  on  their  arrival  at  their  destined  station, 
generally  bring  with  them  marks  of  the  most  cruel 
and  merciless  treatment 


£8 


Tfli3  HISTORY  OF 


The  conquerors  enter  the  town  in  triumph;  the 
war  captain  waits  upon  the  head  men,  and  in  a  low 
▼oice,  gives  them  a  circumstantial  account  of  every 
particular  of  tlic  expedition,  of  the  damages  the 
enemy  have  suffered  and  his.  own  loss  in  it.  This 
being  done,  the  public  orator  relates  the  whole  to  the 
people.  Before  they  yield  to.  the  joy  which  the  vic- 
tory occasions,  they  lament  the  friends  they  have 
lost  in  the  pursuit  of  it.  The  parties  most  nearly 
concerned  are  apparently  afflicted  with  a  deep  and 
real  sorrow ;  but  by  one  of  those  strange  turns  of 
the  human  mind,  fashioned  to  any  thing  by  custom, 
as  if  tliey  were  disciplined  in  their  grief,  upon' the 
signal  for  rejoicing,  in  a  moment  the  tears  are  wip- 
ed  from  their  eyes,  and  they  rush  into  an  extrava- 
gance and  phrenzy  of  joy  for  their  victory.  All 
this  time  the  fate  of  the  prisoners  remains  undecided, 
until  the  old  men  meet  and  determine  concerning 
their  distribution.  ^ 

\  It  is  nsual  to  offer  a  slave  to  each  house  that  has 
,  lost  a  friend,  giving  the  preference  according  to  the 
greatness  of  the  loss. .  The  person  who  has  taken 
the  captive  attends  him  to  the  door  of  the  party's 
eot(age,  where  he  delivers  him,  and  with  him  gives 
a  belt  of  wampum,  to  shew  that  he  has  fulfilled  th» 


■imi'mfr'^ 


'M^TT, 


iim  ■«  |iir  iiii>ili;iili'  liii'ii 


NORTH  AMERICA. 

purpose  of  the  expedition,  in  supplying  the  loss  of 
a  citizen.    They  for  some  time  view  the  present 
that  is  made  them,  and  according  as  they  think  him 
or  her,  for  the  sex  matters  mot,  proper  or  improper 
for  the  business  of  the  family,  or  as  they  take  a 
capricious  liking  or  displeasure  to  the  countenance 
of  the  victim,  or  in  proportion  to  their  natural  bar^ 
'barity,   or  their  resentment  for  their  losses,  they 
decide  whether  they  will  receive  him  into  the  family, 
or  sentence  him  to  death.     If  they  be  rece\yed  i||to 
the  family,  happy  is  their  lot,  as  they  are  then  ac- 
cepted into  the  place  of  the  father,  son,  or  husband 
that  is  lost ;  and  they  have  no  other  mark  of  their 
captivity,  but  that  of  not  being  suffered  to  return  to 
their  own  country,  to  attempt  which  would  be  cer^ 
tain  death.     On  the  contrary,  if  they  dislike  the 
captive,  they  throw  away  the  belt  with  indignation. 
Then  it  is  no  longer  in  the  power  of  any  one  to 
save  him  ;  the  nation  is  assembled  as  upon  some 
great  solemnity;  a  scaffold  is  raised,  and  the  prison- 
er tied  to  the  stake.    He  instantly  begins  his  death 
song,  and  prepares  for  the  ensuing  scene  of  cruelty 
with  most  undaunted  courage.     On  the  other  side 

they  prepare  to  put  it  to  the  utmost  proof,  with  eve^ 

C  2 


« 


PI 


iHPIPSffWPpi 


pp 


wmmmmm 


iPiqpipnmfiiii :'i.k!>.. 


30 


THE  HISTORY  OF 


ry  tormeiit  that  the  mind  of  roan,  ingenious  in 
mischief,  can,  devise. 

'.  It  would  be  too  shocking  to  the  ear  of  our  youth- 
ful reader  to  be  told  what  inhuman  tortures  are  in" 
flicted  on  him,  till  at  last,  one  of  the  chiefs,  out  pf 
compassion,  or  weary  with  cruelty,  generally  putd 
an  end  to  his  life  with  a  club  or  a  dagger. — ^The 
body  is  then  put  into  the  kettle,  and  this  barbar* 
ous  employment  is  succeeded  by  a  feast  equally 
inhuman. 

On  this  occasion,,  the  women,  forgetting  the  fe- 
male nature,  and  transferring  themselves  into  some- 
thing worse  than  furies,  act  their  parts,  and  even  out- 
do the  men  in  this  scene  of  horror.  The  principal 
persons  of  tlie  country  sit  round  the  stake  smoking, 
and  looking  on  without  the  least  emotion.  What  is 
most  extraordinary,  the  sufferer  himself,  in  the  little 
intervals  of  his  torments,  smokes  also,  appears  un- 
concerned, and  converses  with  his  torturers  about 
indifferent  matters.  Indeed,  during,  the  whole  time 
of  his  execution  there  seems  a  contest  between  him^ 
and  them,  which  shall  exceed,  they  in  inflicting  the 
most  horrid  pains,  or  he  in  enduring  them  with  a 
furnmess  and  constancy  almost  above  human.    Not 


aysiBkjii'j^ 


•iW^ji^Miff  V3-«B*-.'  ■  n-'-wrtlWWWS'? 


wmm 


mmm. 


NORTH  AMERICA. 


i% 


a  groan,  not  a  sigh,  not  a  distortion  Y>f  countenance 
escapes  him ;  he  possesses  his  mind  entirely  in  the 
midst  of  his  torments ;  he  recounts  his  own  exploits^ 
informs  them  what  cruelties  he  had  inflicted  upon 
their  countrymen,  and  threatens  them  with  revenge 
that  will  attend  his  death ;  and  though  his  reproach- 
es  exasperate  them  to  a  perfect  state  of  madnessi 
rage,  and  fury,  he  continues  his  reproaches  even  of 
their  ignorance  in  the  act  of  tormenting,  pointing 
out  himself  more  exquisite  methods  and  more  sensir 
ble  parts  of  the  body  to  be  afflicted. 

We  do  not  dwell  upon  these  circumstances  of  cru» 
elty,  which  so  much  degrade  human  nature,  out  of 
choice ;  but  as  all  who  mention  the  customs  of  this 
people,  have  very  particularly  insisted  upon  their  be? 
haviour  in  this  respect,  and  as  it  seems  necessary,  ia 
order  to  give  a  true  idea  of  their  character,  we  do 
not  choose  wholly  to  omit  it.  It  serves  to  shew,  in 
the  strongest  light,  to  what  an  inconceivable  degree 
of  barbarity  the  passions  of  men  let  loose  will  carry 
them.  It  will  point  out  to  us  the  advantages  of  a  re- 
ligion that  teaches  a  compassion  to  our  enemies, 
which  is  neither  known  nor  practised  in  other  reli- 
gions ;  and  it  will  make  us  more  sensible,  than  some- 
appear  to  be,  of  the  value  of  commerce,  the  benefits^ 


.t: 


M 


TH£  HISTORY  OF 

of  a  ciTilized  life,  and  the  deligfats  derived  from  liter' 
ature,  which,  if  they  have  abated  the  ibrce  of  some  of 
the  natural  virtues,  by  the  luxuries  which  attend 
them,  have  taken  out  likewise  the  sting  of  our  na* 
tional  vice,  and  softened  the  ferocity  of  the  human 
lace  without  enervating  their  courage.  On  the  other 
hand,  the  constancy  of  the  sufferers  in  this  trying 
fecene,  shews  the  wonderful  powers  of  an  early  insti« 
lution,  and  a  ferocious  thirst  of  glory,  which  makes 
men  imitate  and  exceed  what  philosophy  and  even 
religion  do  not  produce. 

Having  thus  taken  a  cursory  review  of  the  customs 
and  manners  of  the  original  natives  of  North  Ame- 
rica, we  shall  now  proceed  to  give  an  account  of  the 
first  settlement  of  the  British  colonies,  and  shew  from 
what  small  beginnings  time  has  raised  them  to  an 
immense  republic,  under  the  title  of  the  United  and 
Indepencient  States  of  America.  In  order  to  accom- 
plish this  matter,  we  have  given  a  general  history  of 
the  late  war,  which  ended  in  the  loss  of  thirteen  Bri- 
tish American  colonies.  The  different  sieges  and  bat- 
tles that  took  place  during  that  period,  we  shall  des- 
cribe as  copiously  as  our  narrow  limits  wlR  permit. 


f *?«S^WiP^  •'W- v.*-wt;<IWIW»Wi.'*'«wwwww. 


VTATOJJ'.'T"  ''.T-~''^  ■f«y',».WM  i^jpi»^f 


I90RTH  AMERICA. 


sa^ 


CHAPTER  tr. 

O  EVER  AL  of  the  most  zealous  and  eminent 
Protestants  in  the  reign  of  Edward  VI.  opposed  the 
Popish  ceremonies  and  habits,  though  otherwise  unit- 
ed to  their  bretheren  in  religious  tenets. — Hundreds 
pf  them  fled  into  foreign  parts  to  avoid  perseontioDS^ 
where  they  connected  themselves  with  Protestants 
of  other  nations,  who  were  equally,  arduous  ^or  a  re^ 
formation. 

Upon  the  accession  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  in  I55ff, 
the  refugees  returned  to  England,  loaded  with  expe^ 
rience  and  learning,  but  in  the  utmost  distress  and 
poverty.  Those  of  the  clergy  who  could  compljp 
with  the  Queen's  establishment,  were  quickly  prefer- 
ed ;  but  the  rest,  after  being  permitted  to  preach  a 
while,  were  suspended,  and  reduced  to  their  forme^; 
indigence. 

The  clergy  and  laity,  who  wished  for  greater  eo 
clesiastical  purity,  struggled  hard  for  the  abolishment 
of  Popish  ceremonies  and  habits,  or  at  least^  leaTing 


mmm. 


MM 


94 


THE  HIBTORT  OF 


the  use  of  them  indifferent  in  divine  service,  by  which 
they  obtauied  nothing  but  the  honorable  nicli  name 
of  Puritans.  Queen  Efiisabeth  had  enough  of  the 
blood  of  Henry  the  Vlllth,  to  make  her  impatient  of 
any  opposition  to  her  will,  especially  in  matters  of  re^ 
ligion,  in  which  she  had  a  high  opinion  of  her  own 
knowledge ;  and  during  her  whole  reign,  she  kept 
down  the  Puritans  with  an.  uniform  and  indexible  se- 
verity. The  merits,  however^  of  their  sufferings,  the 
affected  plainness  of  their  dress,  the  gravity  of 
their  deportment,  and  the  use  of  scripture  phrases  on 
the  most  ordinary  occasions,  and  ewn  their  names, 
which  had  in  them  something  striking  and  venerable, 
as  being  borrowed  from  the  Old  Testament,  gained 
them  a  general  esteem  among  sober  people  of  ordi- 
nary understandings. 

When  King  James  came  to  the  throne,  he  had  a 
fair  opportunity  of  pacifying  matters,  or,  at  least,  he 
might  have  left  them  in  the  condition  he  found  them. 
On  the  contrary,  he  suffered  them  to  be  persecuted, 
hut  not  destroyed ;  they  were  exasperated,  and  yet 
left  powerful ;  and  the  then  ministry,  like  those  who 
lately  lost  our  colonies,  exposed  their  own  weakness^ 
ignorance,  and  baseness,  by  an  illtiiLed  severity. 


'"^^^Vi^'^-m 


\  u^^^^^riA    -^r.JS-Jb^ 


iii, . A<ai«Eitiiii  i\-    '    iiijilV^ilailtfri  ■ . 


:,^;mMm0mmmm^'< 


■n^WWipW 


^^^^MP^^**^"!!!! 


MPfP^i'^^w^iiiPffiPPilil 


NORTH  AMERICA. 

In  this  state  matters  remained,  until  the  accessicm 
of  Charles  the  First,  when  they  were  far  from  being 
mended.  This  prince,  endowed  with  some  virtues, 
liad  very  few  amiable  qualities.  As  graye  as  the  Ptt- 
ritans  themsehes,  he  could  never  engage  the  licen- 
tious part  of  the  world  in  his  favor;  and  that  gravity- 
being  turned  against  the  Puritans,  made  him  more 
odious  to  them.  He  gave  himself  up  entirely  to  the 
church  and  churchmen,  and  he  finished  his  ill  con- 
duct in  this  respect,  by  conferrmg  tiiie  first  ecclesi- 
astical dignity  of  the  kingdom  ^  and  a  great  sway  in 
temporal  affairs,  upon  Doctor  Laud,  who,  hardly  fit 
to  direct  a  college,  was  mtrusted  with  the  govern- 
ment of  an  empire.  "^ 

The  Puritans  considered  the  most  dreary  realms, 
and  the  most  unfrequented  regions,  where  they  could 
enjoy  liberty  of  conscience,  as  superior  to  the  most 
splendid  palaces,  where  they  were  to  be  gov- 
erned by  Laud.  In  consequence  of  these  diaaffec- 
tions,  a  little  colony  sailed  from  England,  and  esta- 
,blished  itself  at  a  place  called  New-Plymouth,  on  the 
contLaent  of  America.    This  happened  in  1620. 

They  were  but  few  in  number;  they  landed  in  a 
bad  season,  and  were  supplied  only  from  llielr  pri- 


% 


■IB 


»n'i    II  i»rnii|iiVirB 


pf^rmv^im^^Twwmrrfmwji^ww^'w^ 


Si  THE  HISTORY  OP 

rate  funds.  The  winter  was  premature,  and  ex- 
tremely cold.  The  country  was  every  where  cover- 
ed with  wood,  and  afforded  very  little  for  the  refresh- 
ment of  persons  sickly  with  such  a  voyage,  or  even 
for  the  sustenance  of  an  infant  people. — ^Nearly  half  of 
them  perished  by  the  scurvy,  by  want,  and  the  sever- 
ity of  the  climate ;  but  those  wlio  survived,  not  dis- 
pirited with  "their  losses,  nor  with  the  hardships  they 
were  still  to  endure,  supported  by  the  vigor  which 
^as  thea  the  character  of  Englishmen,  and  by  the 
satisfaction  of  finding  themselves  out  of  the  reach  of 
the  spiritual  arm,  were  enabled  to  procure  in  this  sav- 
age country,  a  tolerable  livelihood,  and  by  degrees  a 
comfiJHable  subsistence  for  themselves  and  their  fa- 
milies.      '    ,    ,    •  , 

The  people  of  NFew-PIjrmouth,  having  cleared  the 
way  for  other  sufferers  to  settle  in  America,  with  less 
difficulty  and  danger  than  what  they  had  experieno- 
«d ;  the  fame  of  their  plantation  spreading  through 
the  western  part  of  England,  and  the  government  in 
church  aud  state  growing  evjrj  day  more  oppressive, 
the  territory  of  the  Massach  asetts'  Bay  was  purchas- 
ed of  the  Plymouth  council,  in  1628,  and  a  company 
soonic^imed,  who  coinsuUed  on  settling  a  plantation, 


y 


•# 


^RTH  AMERICA.  J7 

io  ^  bicb  uofl-confurmiiig  Puritans  miglit  emigrale,  In 
artier  to  enjoy  thdr  own  principles  in  full  leeurity.  , 

Io  1630,  a  large  company  arrived  at  Salem,  con- 
sisting of  more  than  fifteen  hundred  p^onfl^  Trcm 
different  counties  in  IVigl^nd.  From  tlie  beginning 
i)(  the  colony,  until  tlie  emigration  ceased,  in  1 640, 
through  a  cJiange  of  affaits  in  KngTandy'there  arrived 
in  298  vessels,  about  21,200  settlers,  men,  women, 
and  children,  or  four  thousand  families. 

'  They  did  not  however,  all  confine  themfelves  trt 
this  colony :  several  families  removed  to  Connecti- 
cut  River,  by  mutual  agreement  with  their  fellow 
emigrants,  who  remained  bebimfr  Plantations  were 
formed  %t  Hartford,  Windsor,  and  "VV^eathersfield. 
The  inhabitants  being  soon  after  fully  satisfied,  that 
they  were  out  of  the  Massachusetts'  limits^  and  of 
course  its  jurisdiction,  entered  into  a  combination 
among  themselves,  became  a  body  politic,  without 
restraining  the  freedom  of  their  «ivil  government  to 
the  membership  of  their '  churches,  and  proceed- 
ed to  the  choice' of  magistrates  and  represeiir 
tativcs. 

Two  large  ships  arrived  at  Massachusetts'  Bay, 

in  1 637,  with  passengers  from  London.    Great  pains 
D 


38  THE  HISTORY  OF 

-1     ^«  tiipm  to  remain  in  Ihe 
were  i^kcn  to  prevail  upon  them  lo  re 
were  i«ii^"        r  ,^  ^nvinc  to  a  consider*- 

ble  aistance,  to_be  °"*  ";  fte«  ihreaten- 

g„ven.or.  wi*  -^ ^l'^'^'^^  j^  connec«c«t  to 
J     rrhpv  sent  to  their  tnenas  ui  ^ 

.        rrmtive^  the  tods  lyingbetween  them 

and  Hudsoa's  mer.    They  ^^^^^^^  ^ 

or  a  flourishing  ^'^°;!'^'l,^.ew.Have„c.,.tU.«ed' 

the  capital.    ConnecUeut  and  ^    ^     ^t  length  the 
twodisth.ctcolome3for«a»y  years-    At      g 

r^"i  >  ,    f  fiA«net,acut  determmed  to  i^reic 

S--^«°"''°.^;nrCharle.the  second,  profess- 

,„g  their  ^'^'^    '^  John  W>.brop,  Esq. 
soliciltois  a  wy*' «''"'*"'     ^^^  ^,,  .ppomted  to 

„egoc.ate  the  ^.«  ^^^^^^u^g 

•='•"' "fitter  one  body  co^orate  an* 
the  two  colonies  for  ever  u 

»^,  «f  fhc  church  of  Sa- 
M,  Roeer  WilfiamB,  apastor  of  the  «n 
Mr.  Koger  ^„v..Ku.Ma   on  account 

«r ---««'<"=' ^r::::l  companions,  and 

,«4*«ig^vea  •^'^j^  .the  large 

cue  5  of  whom  he   attei^**^"   i  ^ 


m  i .  piiiip^Pipvpi^^pipm 


;'^V« 


NORTH  AMERICA.  3d 

tract,  lying  between  Pawtucket  and  Pai^ttrrat  rivers, 
(<he  great  falls  and  the  little  falls,  as  the  Indian  name 
signifies)  and  styled  it  "  Providence,"  from  e  sense 
of  God's  mecciftil  git^vidence  to  Mm  in  his  distress^ 

The  authoritf  and  power  of  MiaotoRomo^  another 
Sachem,  and  his  uncle  Canonicus,  awed  aU  tlie  In^ 
diai33  round  to  assist  him  and  his  few  associates. 
When  the  determinations  of  the  Massachusetts  gen- 
eral court,  occasioned  bj  what  they  called  antinoini- 
an  disputes,  banished  many,  and  induced  oth<;rs  to 
leave  the  coloay,  the  heads  of  the  party  were  enter* 
ialned  in  a  friendly  manner  by  Mr.  Williams,  who 
advised  them  to  setik  a  settlement  on  Rhode-Island, 
ih^the  year  16J8,  and  was  very  inslramental  in  pro- 
curing it  of  the  Indian  sachems. 

N«w  liampshire  and  the  Maine  were  settled  about 
the  same  time  ^ith  the  Massachusetts,  by  differ- 
ent proprietor?,  who  had  obtained  patents,  and 
whose  views  were  to  enrich  themselves  by  the  fish- 
ing trade  at  sea,  and  the  beaver  tr&de  ashore. 

The  co»»!ony  of  New- York  demands  our  next  at^ 
teation.  The  Dutch  had  set^Jed  it,  and  namad  it 
the  New  NetherIand8.^Charies  the  Second  resolved 


•    ::!.l 


;»*' 


4> 


:^' 


.^"^ 


WW 


\'i>rH'i7ftyrf'' 


49 


THB  HISTOHT  OS" 


nponits  conqdest  in  1664  ;  and  in  Maitsfa  granted  to 
his  toother  ih^'  Duke  of  York,  the  region  extending 
from  the  westerii  batik#  of  the  Coimecticat  to  th6 
eAstern  shore  of  the  Delaware,  together  with  Lon^- 
Island,  conferring  on  him  the.  civil  and  military  pow- 
t;rs  of  government.  Colonel  Nichols  was  sent  with 
four  frigates  and  three  hundred  soldiers  to  effect  the 
business.  The  Dutch  governor  being  unable  to  make* 
resistance,  the  New-N'etherlands  submitted  io  tlie 
Knglish  crown,  in  September,  without  any  otlier 
change  than  of  rulers.  Few  of  th(;  Dutch  removed, 
and  Nichols  IfiStantly  entered  upon  the  exercise  of 
Lis  power,  as  Deputy  governor  for  the  Duke  of 
Ycrk,  the  propiietary.  ♦ 

About  tlie  same  time,  166^,  Ne;v- Jersey,  whiclr 
wa3  also  taken  from  the  Dutch,  who  were  covidered 
as  having  no  rig^ht  to  any  of  their  settlements  in 
these  parts  of  America,  were  included  in  the  grp^it 
of  the  Duke  of  York.  The  IJuke  disposed  of  it  to 
Lord  Berkeley  ftnd  Sir  George  Carteret,  who  being 
sole  proprietors,  for  the  better  settlement  of  it,  agreed 
upon  certain  constitutions  of  government,  so  well 
liked,  that  the  eastern  parts  were  soon  consic^-jrahly 
I)eopU*<Ir 


NORTH  AMERICA. 


41 


Virginia  was  the  original  name  of  all  the  English 
North  American  continental  claims,  giyen  in  honor 
;  to  the  Virgin  Queen  Elizabeth.  King  James  being 
applied  to,  granted  letters  patent  to  A  body  of  gen- 
tlemen, on  the  6th  of  April,  1606,  with  powers  to 
divide  themselves  into  two  distinct  companies,  the 
one  consisting  of  London  adventurers,  called  the 
first,  or  southern  colony  of  Viiginia  ^  the  second  or 
northern  colony  composed  of  merchants,  belonging 
to  Bristol,  Plymouth  and  Exeter.  The  territory 
granted  to  the  first,  or  southern  colony,  was  gener- 
ally called  Virginia,  without  any  distinguishing  epi- 
thet, and  retained  that  name  after  the  second  or 
northern  colony  obtained  the  name  of  New- England, 
in  1614. 

We  come  next  to  speak  of  Maryland.  Ihe  first 
emigration  to  this  part  of  America  consisted  of  two 
hundred  gentlemen  of  considerable  fortune  and  rank, 

V  tsHh  tlieir  adherents,  chiefly  Roman  Catholics,  who 
|h  ;>ed  to  enjoy  liberty  of  conscience  under  a  proprie- 

"  iftf^   of  their  own  profession.     They  sailed  from 

Eogland  in  November,  and  lande^  in  Maryland  the 

beginmngof  ic33.      Governor   Calvert,  brother  to 

Lord  Baltimore,  very  wisely  and  justly  purchased^ 

D  2 


42  Tim  HtStf^ORY  OB^ 

by  presenta  of  Various  goods,  the  right  of  tfcc  la* 
dU-S  and  filth  theit  frbe  consent  took  possession  of 
their  town,  wWch  he  cliltftd  St.  Mary'a.  The  iWMiit* 
try  was  settled  with  so  much  ease,  and  furnished 
with  so  many  tonreniences,  that  emigrants  repaired 
thither  in  su6Ii  numbers  r^  scott  to  remler  the  (SOlony 
populous  and  ftontishiHg. 

Carolina  follows  Maryland  in  the  order  of  exisP 
ence.     A  few  {  'venturers  emigrated  from  the  Mas- 
sachusetts, and  Sv      d  round  Cape  Fear,  abouf  th6 
time  of  the  Restoration.    They  considered  mefft 
occupancy,  with  a  transfer  from  the  natives,  without 
any  grant  from  tlie  king,  as  a  good  title  upon  the 
lands  they  possessed.     They  deemed  themselves 
entitled  to  the  same  civil  privileges  as  those  of  the 
dSrtintry  from  whefece  ffeey  had  emigrated.     For  ' 
years  they  experienced  the  domplicMted  miseries  of 
tvant.    They  solicited  tho'aid  of  their  countrymei^. 
nftd  the  general  court  of  Masaachot^elts,  #ith  an  at- 
iention   awi  hi!im«iity    which  did  it  the  gi^eatest 
honor;  ordered  an  ^tensive  costniiuttoD  lor  ^leAr 
reliisf 

The  final  settlement  of  the  province  was  effected 
equally  tlirough  the  rapacity  of  the  courtiers  of 


,# 


M 


Chlirk«  the  Second,  and  Md  owD  ft^tf  in:  f«wani- 

ittg  those,  ttl-tfrlrom  he  vna  greatly  imlebte^^  with  k 
fiberiiKty  that  cost  tkim  little.  I^blr  pretenee^  wMeft 
was  up(9d  DA  former  occittions,  of  »  pkni^  seal  for 
the  piopsgittion  of  the  gospel  amoBg  thdl  IndiaBs,  was 
sncoctfsfully  emfiloyed  to  (Procure  a  grant  of  the  iaiH 
mense  region,  lying  between  the  3&ih  degree  of  nortk 
latitude,  afid  the  river  <^f  St.  Matheo,  und^r  the  31st 
degree.  In  March  1663,  this  territory  ^vas' erected 
into  a  province  by  the  name  of  Carolina)  and  cox»> 
ferred  on  Lord  Clarendon,  the  Duke  of  Albemarle, 
Lord  Craven,  Lord  Berkeley,  Lord  Ashley,  Sir 
George  Carteret,  Sir  John  Colleton,  and  Sir  William 
Berkely,  as  absolute  lord  proprietaries,  for  ever,  sav- 
ing the  allegiance,  due  to  the  croWn. 

Pennsylvania  and  the  Delaware  Counties  ne^t  de- 
mand our  attention.  Mr.  W;^.  Penn,  one  of  the 
joint  purchasers  of  the  western  part  of  the  Jersies, 
having  received  i\i»  most  oxact  information  of  the 
country  to  the  westward  of  the  Delaware,  ^while  en» 
gaged  in  the  admrnistration  of  the  joint  purchase,, bc- 
canie  desirous  of  acquiring  a  separate  estate. 

He  presented  a  petition  to  Charles  the  second,  in 
June,  16£!0,  stating  not  only  his  relationship  to  tlje 


'■ilfr 


y< 


44 


THE  HISTORY  OF 


ipfie  AiiaMli,  but  that  he  was  deprived  of  a  debt  due 
firom  the  erowo,  when  the  Exchequor  was  shut.  He 
prayed  for  a  grant  of  lands,  lying  to  the  northward  of 
Maryland,  and  westward  of  the  Delaware,  and  ad- 
ded, that  by  his  interest,  he  should  be  able  to  settle  a 
province,  which  might,  in  time,  repay  his  claims. 
Having  a  prospect  of  success,  he  copied  from  tiie 
charter  of  Maryland  the  sketch  of  a  patent,  which  in 
November  was  laid  before  the  attorney  general  for 
his  opinion. 

Penn  had  the  same  object  in  view  as  Lord  Balti- 
more had,  the  guarding  against  the  exertions  of  pre- 
rogative, which  experience  had -taught  both  were 
very  inconvenient.  The  attorney  general  declared 
the  clause  of  exemption  from  taxation  illegal ;  and 
chief  justice  North  being  of  the  same  opinion,  and 
observing  its  tendency,  added  the  saving  of  the  au- 
thority of  the  Ensjlish  parliament ;  so  th&t  it  was  stip- 
ulated by  the  king,  for  himself  and  his  successors, 
that "  no  custom  or  other  contribution  shall  be  laid  on 
the  inhabitants,  or  their  estates,  unless  by  the  consent 
of  the  proprietary,  or  governor  and  assembly^  of  by 
act  of  parliament  in  England*" 


# 


NORTH  AMEBZtri. 


49^ 


i  The  n^tt  yesr,  1 681,  th^  patent  was  granted,  in 
consideretiofi  of  '^tbe  meritB  of  the  father,  ami  tbe 
good  purposes  of  the  son,  in  order  to  extend  the  Eng- 
lish  empire,  and  to  promote  useful  eommerce."  It 
was  provided  by  fit  clauses,  that  the  aovereigntjr  of 
the  king  should  be  preserved,  and  that  acts  of  parlia^ 
.uient,  concerning  trade,  navigation,  and  the  customs 
should  regularly  be  observed.  Penn  was  empower- 
ed to  assembfe  all  the  freemen,  or  their  delegates,  in 
such  a  form  as  he  shall  think  proper  for  raising 
money  for  the  use  of  the  colony,  and  for  making  use- 
ful laws,  not  contrary  to  those  of  England,  or  the 
rights  of  the  kingdom.  A  duplicate  of  the  acts  of 
the  assembly  was  to  be  transmitted,  within  five  years 
to  the  king  in  council,  and  the  ajCts  miglit  be  declar-" 

ed  void  within  six  months  if  not  approved.  It  now 
remains  only  to  give  a  concise  account  of  the  settle^ 
ment  of  Georgia. 

In  1732,  a  number  of  genllenfen  considering  the 
tast  benefit  that  might  arise  from  tlie  tract  of  land 
lying  between  the  Savannah  and  the  river  Altamafaa^ 
petitioned  the  king  for  a  charter,  wliich  was  accord" 
iJBgly  granted  in  June.  ^  They  meant  that  the  coun- 
try should  be  made  a  bulwark  for  the  southern  colo- 
nies against  the  Spaniards,  and  shquld  give  ^n^jMfl^ 


.,g^ 


%. 


-■-'..  T.tltfjiHW-J'^iy^  - 


mmm 


■■*■ 


w 


4«  THEHISTORTOF 

ment  to  nmnbers  of  people,  who  were  burtbensome 
ftt  home  to  their  friends  and  parishes^      '^ 

Towards  the  end  of  August,  Sir  Gilbert  Heathcote 
Recommended,  in  the  strongest  terms^  to  Ihei  Rec- 
tors of  the  bank,  the  interest  of  the  colony.  His 
speech  h^  the  desired  effect,  and  the  members  of 
the  court,  after  has  example  coutributed  largely  to- 
wards the  undertakmg,  as  did  great  numbers  of  fiile 
Bobitity,  sentry,  clergy,  and  others ;  and  the  parliBr 
ment  granted  10,0001.  By  the  beginning  of  Novem- 
ber,'  about  one  hundred  and  sixteen  colonists  pre- 
sented theniselves^  most  of  them  laboring  people, 
and  were  furnished  with  working  tools  of  all  kinds, 
stores,  and  small  arms. 

Mr.  Oglethorpe,  one  of  the  trustees,  generously  at* 
tended  the  first  set  of  emigrants  to  Carolina,  where 
they  arrived  in  g(^od  health  in  January,  1733.  -  The 
CarolFuians  made  them  a  present  pf  one  hundred 
breeding  cattle,  besides  hogs,  and  twenty  barrels  of 
liee ',  and  fumkhed  them  wim  a  party  of  hoise,  imd 
with  scout  boats,  by  the  help  of  which  they  reached 
the  SaTannab,  where  Mr.  Oglethor|Te,  ten  mi)es  up 
the  river,  ^tched  upon  a  spot  ior  a  town,  WKtiii  Fer 
||mBry  Unu}  bmlding  of  the  first  house  commenced^ 


• 


NORTH  AMERICA.  49 

Mr  Oglethorpe  was  waited  upon  by  a  mtmerous 
deputation  from  the  Lower  Creek  nation,  with  whom 
lie  concluded  a  treaty,  and  soon  after  set  out  for 
Charleston  on  bis  return  to  England,  bringing  with 
him  several  chiefs  and  a  war  captain.  Before  the 
end  of  March,  1734,  more  emigrants,  to  the  amount 
of  six  hundred,  were  either  sent  over  by  charitj,  or 
went  at  their  own  expense. 

In  October  the  Indians  embarked  for  their  own 
country,  haying  had  an  allowance,  while  in  London, 
of  twenty  pounds  a  week,  of  which  they  spent  littSe, 
as  they  commonly  eat  and  dnuik  at  the  table  of  per- 
sonsldf  the  highest  distinction.  They  embarked  at 
Gravesend,  in  a  ship  which  carried  over  a  number  of 
Baltzburghers,  being  German  Protestants,  who,  witli 
others  of  their  countrymen  that  followed,  settled  on 
fhe  Savannah,  a  town  they  called  Bbenezer,  and 
whiehi  by  tl^eir  habits  of  industry  and  sobriety,  soon 
becaise  considerable. 

%e  Georgians  made-a  surprising  progress  m  <^<^a^ 
iRg  their  lands,  and  building  their  houses,  and  as  an 
encouragement,  the  British  Parliament  granted  them 
a  wpply  of  26,0001.,  which,  with  very  great  priv^ 


t- 


# 


' 


9t  ■■' 


m 


THE  HlSXOIty  OP 


•donatkiM,  were  expended  ^>on  fttrejigtheniiig  the 
ftoudiem  ]Mirt  of  Georgia. 

Thus  bare  we  given  a  succinct  account  of  the  firBt 

vstfl^bfishineiit  oTDie  British  colonies  in  North  Axnerl- 

%i.    By  what  unhappy  means  they  at  last  became 

-Separated  from  the  mother  country,  wtU  be  elearif 

fttaa^  ii^^e  Bubeeqcent  part  of  this  history. 


** 


Memorable  events  rectyrded  in  this  Chapter c 

■■       ■  ^,  ■» 

'First  settlameiit  made  in  Virginia,  -  A.  D.  160^ 
Settlement  at  New-Plymouth,  -----  1629 
New-Hamshire  and  the  Maine  settled,  f  -  1 628 
PuritanspurchaBe  audsettle  Massachusetts'  bay,  1 62^ 
Idaiyland  setUed,  *  -  -  -  -  1633 
Connecticut  and  Providence  settled,         -  1636 

Kew-Haven  setpd,  -  -  -  -  1637 
Bhode-Iiland  setUed,  -  -  -  -  1638 
Carolina  settled,  -  -  .  r  "  ^^63 
New-York  and  New-Jersey aettled,  -  -  1664 
Pennsylvania  and  Delaware  counties  settled,  -  1^1 
Oeorgia  settled,        -        -        -        -        -       1735 


%' 


■m 


feii$£. 


—      IP- 


NORTH  AMERICA, 


•19 


CHAPTER  HI. 

JL  HE  narrow  limits  prescribed  (o  us  in  this 
epitome,  will  not  permit  us  to  enter  into  a  copious 
detail  of  all  the  minute  concerns  of  the  colonies, 
which  may  be  found  in  more  voluminous  works,  and 
there  fead  by  those,  who  have  leisure  and  inclination 
to  pursue  so  dry  a  study.  We  shall  therefore 
proceed  to  describe  only  events  of  some  conse* 
t|uence. 

News  being  received  in  the  Massachusetts  of  waf 
being  declared  against  France  and  Spain,  the  generJAl 
court,  then  sitting,  made  immediate  provision  for 
raising  forces  for  Annapolis  in  Nova-Scotia. 

Towards  the  end  o£  the  month  of  April,  1745, 
Commodore  Warren  arrived  from  the  West-Indies, 
with  a  sixty  gun  ship,  and  two  of  forty.  He  was 
afterwards,  joined  by  another  of  forty,  t\*hich  had 
reached  Ganso  a  short  lime  before.    The   men  of 

E 


'*:T 


mmm^. 


ho 


THE  HISTORY  OP 


«. 


m 


war  sailed  immediately  to  cruise  before  Louisburg. 
The  forces  soon  followed,  and  landed  at  Chapeau* 
rogue  Bay  the  last  day  of  April.  The  transports 
were  discovered  from  the  town  early  in  the  morning, 
which  gave  the  inhabitants  the  first  imowledge  of 
the  design.  •      ■* 

The  second  day  after  landing,  four  hundred  men 
marched  round,  behind  the  hills,  to  the  northeast 
harbor,  where  tlMy  got  abont  midnight,  and  set  fire 
to  all  the.  dwellings  and  storehouses,  till  they  came 
within  a  mile  of  the  grand  battery.  The  clouds  of 
thick  smoke  proceeding  from  the  pitch,  tar,  and 
other  combustibles,  prevented  the  garrison's  discov- 
ering the  enemy,  though  they  were  but  at  a  short 
distance. 

They  expected  the  body  of  the  araoy  upon  them, 
and  therefore  deserted  the  iarif  having  thrown  their 
powder  into  a  well ;  but  tlie  cannon  and  shot  were 
left,  which  proved  of  greaf  service  to  the  besieg- 
ers. The  army  had  near  two  miles  to  transport 
their  cannon,  mortars,  &cc.  through  a  morass  which 
required  great  labor  to  accomplish.  .  The  men 
were  yoked  together,  and  during  the  night  made 
great  advances. 


r 


t^ 


;^^ 


NORTH  AMERICA;  »I 

While  the  forces  were  bually  employed  on  shore, 
the  men  of  war,  and  other  vessels  were  cruising  ofif 
the  harbor,  as  often  as  the  weather  would  permit. 
On  the  18th  of  May,  they  captured  a  French  44  gim 
ship,  having  660  men  on  board,  and  stores  of  ail 
sorts  for  the  garrison. 

It  was  given  out  that  an  attack  would  be  made  by 
sea  with  the  ships,  on  the  18th,  while  the  army  did 
the  like  by  land.  Whether  a  general  storm  was 
really  intended  or  not,  the  French  appeared  to  ex- 
pect It,  from  the  preparations  making  on  board  the 
men  of  war,  and  seemed  not  inclined  to  attempt  to 
withstand  it. 

On  the  15th,  a  flag  of  truce  was  sent  to  the  gener- 
al, desiring  a  cessation  of  hostilities,  that  they  might 
consider  of  articles  for  a  capitulation.  Time  was 
allowed,  but  their  articles  were  rejected  by  the  gen- 
eral and  commodore,  and  others  offered,  which  were 
accepted  by  the  French,  and  hostages  given  on  both 
sides.  The  town  was  in  consequence  delivered 
up  on  the  19th.  As  this  was  a  time  when  vessels 
were  expected  from  all  parts  at  Louisburg,  the 
French  flag  was  kept  flying  as  a  decoy.  Two  East- 
Indiamen,  laud  one  south  sea  ship,  of  the  value  of 


ppilPiPiiipnipfppppiPfiiiPi 


t^ 


TftitE  HtStdRY  OF 


€00,000A  sterling,  were  taken  by  the  sqadroh  at  the 
mouth  of  the  barber,  into  which  they  sailed  as  usttal, 
not  knowing  that  the  place  had  been  taken  by  ihe 
English. 

The  French  having  been  very  troublesome  in  the 
back  settlements  of  our  '?,oloa'ies,  it  was  concluded 

•to  take  ''ffectuat  methods  to  drive  them  from  the 
Ohio.  The  reduction  of  Niagara,  Crown  Point,  and 
their  forts  in  Nova-Scotia,  was  also  resolved  on. 
General  Braddock  was  artcordingly  sent  from  Ire- 

-  land  to  Virginia^  with  two  regiments  of  foot ;  and  on 
his  arrival,  when  joined  by  the  rest  of  the  forces  des- 
tined for  that  service,  he  found  himself  at  the  head 
qI  2200  men.  He  had  bravery,  but  wanted  other 
quaMcations  to  render  him  fit  for  the  service  to 
which  he  was  appointed — The  severity  of  his  dis- 
cipline ^lade  him  unpopular  among  the  regulars,  and 
his  haughtiness  deprived  him  of  the  esteem  of  the 
Americans.  His  pride  .disgusted  the  Indians,  and 
led  hhk  to  despise  the  country  militia,  and  to  slight 
the  advice  of  the  Virginian  officers. 

Colonel  Washington  earnestly  begged  of  him 
when  the  army  was  marching  for  tort  Du  Quesne,  to 
adniit  of  his  going  befpre,  and  sco'^ring  the  woods 


;•<';:*  ■^*'^s:• 


KORTH  AMERICA.  A^ 

miih  his  rangers,  v/hich  w«is  coutemptuously  refused. 
Thfe  general  had  be*?!!  cautioned  by  th«  Duke  of 
Cumberland  to  guard  against  a  surprize,  and  yet  hd 
pushed  (HI  heedlessly  with  the  first  divisioj,  consist- 
ing  of  140U,  till  he  fell  into  an  ambuscade  of  400, 
cbififly  Indians,  hy  whom  he  was  defeated  and  mor- 
tally wounded,  on  the  9th  of  July,  1755. 

The  regulars  were  put  into  the  grcates*:  panic,  and 
fled  in  the  utmost  confusion;  but  the  miMa  had 
been  used  to  Indian  fighting,  and  were  not  so  terri- 
fied. The  generpJ  had  disdainfully  turned  them  into 
the  rear,  wh^re  they  continued  in  a  body  unbroken, 
and  served  under  Colonel  Washington  as  a  most  use- 
ful rear  guard,  ivhich  covered  the  retreat  of  the 
regulars,  and  prevented  their  being  entirely  £ut  to 
pieces. 

Previous  to  this,  and  agreeable  to  the  views  of  the 
British  ministry,  the  Massachusetts  assembly  praised  a 
body  of  tro&ps  which  were  sent  to  Nova- Scotia,  to 
iassist  Lieutenant-Governor  I^awrence  in  driving  the 
French  from  their  several  encroachments  within  that 
province. 

The  expedition  against  Niagara  was  intrusted  to 

CiOTenior  Shirley,  hut  failed  through  various  causes. 

E  2 


^4 


THIS  HISTORY  OP 


Sir  William,  iheyk  Colonel  Johnson,  was  appoint' 
cd  to  go  against  Crown  Point.  Tbe  delays  siow- 
»es8,  and  deficiency  of  preparation,  prevented  the 
several  colonies  joining  their  troops  till  about  August. 
In  the  mean  time  the  active  enemy  had  transported 
forces  from  France  to  Canada^  marched  them  down 
to  meet  the  provincials,  and  attacked  them ;  but, 
^neeting  with  a  repulse,  lost  6Q0  men  besides  having 
their  general,  Qarou  Pieskau,  wounded  and  made 
prisoner. 

Tbe  next  year  Hie  Massachusetts  raised  a  great 
armament  to  go  against  Crown  Point ;  but  Lord  Lou- 
don, on  his  arrival  did  not  think  it  proper  that  the 
forces  should  p-x)ceed,  owing  to  a  temporary  misr 
understanding  between  his  Lordship  apd  the  genr 
era!  court. 

In  the  year  1758,  happily  for  the  British  nation^ 
ihe  great  Mr.  Pitt  was  placed  at  the  head  of  the  min- 
istry, when  the  face  of  affairs  was  soon  changed,  the 
war  prosecuted  with  unexampled  success  and  the 
enemy  was  at  length  driven  out  of  Ai^erica. 

Mr.  Israel  Mauduit,  the  Massachusetts  agent,  ia 
1763,  gave  early  notice  of  the  ministerial  intentions 
to  tax  the  oolomes ;  but  the  |;eaeral  court  not  beioi 


NORTH  AMERICA. 


65 


called  together  till  the  latter  end  of  the  yetar,  instruc- 
tioDstothe  agent,  though  solicited  bj.him,  could 
not  be  sent  in  proper  time. 

The  next  year,  however,  1764,  the  house  of  Re- 
presentatives came  to  the  following  resolutions ; 
"  That  the  sole  right  of  giving  and  granting  the  mon* 
ey  of  the  people  of  the  province,  was  vested  in  thent 
as  their  legal  representatives ;  and  that  the  imposi- 
tion of  duties  and  taxes  by  the  parliament  of  Oreaf- 
Britain,  upon  a  people  who  are  not  represented  In  tb». 
house  of  Commons  is  atisolutely  irreconcil^ible 
with  their  rights." — ^"  That  no  mon  can  just^  take 
the  property  of  another  without  his  consent ;  iipon 
which  original  principle,  the  right  of  representation  itt 
the  same  body,  which  exercises  the  pow^r  of  mak- 
hig  laws  for  levying  taxes,  one  of  *he  main  pillars^ 
of  the  British  constitution,  is  evidenu^    junded.'* 

These  resolutions  were  occasioned  by  ii^aigf>nce 
of  what  had  been  done  in  the  British  house  of  Comr 
mons.  It  had  been  there  debated  in  March,  whether 
they  had  a  right  to  tax  the  Americans,  they  not  being 
represented,  and  determined  unanimously  in  the^ 
affirmative.  Not  a  single  person  present  ventured  Uk 
controvert  the  right. 


wmm^immmmfi'vmm!^ 


6^ 


THE  HISTORY  OP 


;;>:*. 


After  Tarioas   propositions    for  taxing  the  colo- 
nies, Mr.  Grenville*s  intended   stamp  act   was  com- 
municated to  the  Americaa  agegts.     Many  ol'  them 
did  not  oppose  it,  half  their  numbers  being  placemen 
or  dependants  on  the    ministry.     Mr.  Joseph  Sher- 
wood, an  honest  Quaker,  age^t  for  Rhode  Islaiid,  re' 
fused   his   consent  to  America'^    being  taxed  by  a 
Britisi^  Parliament.   Mr.  Mauduit,  the  Massachusetts 
.  agent,  favored  tlie  raising  of  the  watiied  money  by  a 
etanxp  duty,  as  it  would  occasion  .ess  expense  of  offi- 
cers, and    would   include    the  WesMudia  Jslands. 
The    scheme,  however,    was  postponed,  and  the 
agents  autliorised  to  inform  the  American  assemblies, 
,that  tliey   were  at  liberty  to  suggest  any  other  way 
of  raising  monies,  and  that  Mr.  Greuville   was  ready 
to  receive  proposals  for  any  other  tax,  that  might  be 
equivalent  in  its  produce  to  the  stamp  tax.     the  col- 
onies seemed  to  consider  it  as  an  affront  rather  than 
as  a  conapliment.     The  minister  would  not  be  con- 
tent with  any  thing  short  of  a  specific  sum.,  and  prop- 
er  funds  fof  the  payment  of  it      Had  not  the  sums 
been  answerable  to  his  wishes,  he  would  have  re- 
jected  them,  and  he  would  scarcely  have  been  satis- 
fied with  less  than  300,000/.   per  annum,   which 
was  judged    abffolutely   necessary,  to  defray  the 


■'^A?v: 


'-*?*: 


k^^'  ^Hai 


NOHTH  AMEHICA. 


57 


'^bole  expense  of  the  army  proposed  for  the  de- 
fence of  America. 

•    No  satisfactory  proposals  being  made  on'  the  side 
of  the  Americans,  Mr*.  Grenvilte  adhered  to  his  pnf- 
poste  of  bringing  forward  the  stamp  bill,  though  re- 
peatedly requested  by  some  of  his  friends  to  desist. 
♦Richard  Jackson,  Esq.  had  been  chosen  as^nt  for  the 
Massachusetts,  who,  with  Mr.  Franklin,  and  others, 
'lately  cone  from  Philadelphia,  waited  on  Mr:  Gren- 
yille,  in  February,  1765,  to  remonstrate  agmnst  tbe 
stamp  bill,  and  to  propose,  that  in  ease  any  tax  must 
be  laid  upon  America,  the  several  colonies  might  be 
.permitted  to  lay  the  tax  themselves.     Mr.  Grenvill*, 
however,  adhered  to  his  own  opinion,  and  said  be 
had  pledged  bie  word  for  offering  the  stamp  bill  to 
the  house,  and  that  the  house  would  bear  their  objec- 
tions. 

The  bill  was  accordingly  brought  in,  and  in  March, 
the  same  year,  recei?ed  the  royal  assent.  The  fram- 
ers  of  the  stamp  act  flattered  themselves,  that  the 
confusion  which  would  arise  from  the  cBsuse  of  writ* 
'  iage,  would  compel  the  colonies  to  use  stamp  pap^**, 
and  therefore  to  pay  the  taxes  imposed.    Thus  they 


!• 


^HE  BISTORT  OT 


M' 


men  led  to  profiosnce  it  to  be  a  law  which  wouUI 
execute  itself. 

Mr.  Grenville,  howeter;  was  not  without  his  appre- 
hensions that  it  might  occasion  disorders ;  to  prevent 
or  suppress  which,  he  projected  another  bin,  which 
was  brought  in  the  same  session,  whereby  it  was 
made  lawful  for  nMlttary  officers  in  the  colonies  to 
quarter  their  soldiers  in  private  houses.  This  seemed 
intended  to  a^re  the  people  into  a  compliance  with 
the  other  act.  Great  opposition  bemg  made  to  it,  as 
under  such  a  power  in  the  Army,  no  one  could  look 
vpon  his  house  as  his  own,  that  part  of  the  bill  was 
dropt;  but  there  stiU  remamed  a  clause  when  it  pass- 
ed  into  a  law,  to  obUge  the  several  assemblies  to  pro* 
Tide  quarters  for  the  solctiers,  and  to  furniah  them 
wldi  firing,  bedding,  candles,  small  beer,  rum,  and 
sundry  other  articles,  at  the  expence  of  the  several 
provinces.  This  clause  continued  in  force  after  the 
stamp  act  was  repealed.  ,  ^, 

These  proceedings  of  the  mother  country,  gave 
rise  to  great  disturbances  in  America.  Some  per* 
tons  of  consequence  at  Boston,  to  manifest  their  ab* 
bdhrence  and  detestation  of  a  party  in  England,  who 
the/  supposed  were  endeavoring  to  subvert  the  Brit* 


NORTH  ABIERIOA. 


J» 


vlU 


pre- 


ish  constitation,  to  enslaye  the  colonies,  and  io  lilieB- 
ate  the  affections  of  his  majesty's  most  ftuthful  sab^ 
jects  in  America^^arly  in  the  morning  of  the  l4th  of 
August,  hung  upon  a  limb  of  a  large  dead  elm,  near 
the  entrance  of  Boston,  in  one  of  the  most  public 
streets,  two  effigies.  One  of  them,  as  appeared  by 
the  labels  afiftxed  thereto,  was  intended  to  represent 
the  stamp  o£Qcer ;  <the  other  was  a  jack-boot,  with  a 
head  and  horns  peeping  out  of  the  top. 

'The  report  of  thb  novelty  drew  great  numbers 
from  every  part  of  the  town  and  the  neighboring 
country .  This  affair  was  left  to  take  its  own  course, 
BO  that  an  enthusiastic  spirit  diffused  itseir  into  the 
minds  of  the  spectators.  In  the  evening,  the  figures 
were  cut  down,  and  carried  in  funeral  processf.on,  the 
populace  shoutiag,  liberty  and  property  for  ever ! 
No  stamps,  &lc. 

They  then  went  to  a  new  building,  erected  by  Mr, 
Oliver,  which  they  pulled  down,  falsely  supposing  it 
to  be  designed  for  the  stamp,  office.  As  soon  as  they 
approached  Mr.  Oliver's  house,  they  beheaded  the 
effigy,  at  the  same  time  breaking  all  his  windows, 
and  demolishh[ig  his  gardens,  fenees,  bams,  and  every 
thing  that  came  in  their  way. 


THE  HISTORY  6v 


The.e.tday,Mr.b,Wer.  fearful  of  .l.at^.*t 

KB.gned.    The  mo  ^ig„,ttdn,  pro- 

ctor aome  espreeBion*  of  joy  for 

\eeded  to  the  UeuU«a»t  governor  s  Mr.  Hu 

^.  u  «.«  l.^iei£ed  for  an  hour,  but  in  vain 
House,  which  they  besiege 
touting  repeatedly  upon  knowing   whether 

BOtwritten  in  favor  of  the  stamp  a<5t. 

,       ^««r  «erV  day  more  enormous 
These  disprders  ^ew  every  uaj. 

Mobs  once  r*ised  soon  become  un- 

«,d  alarming.    Mobs  once  r,u  ..^tend 

wi„  w  new  and  large  accessions,  anaexiemt 

,    J  „<.,«. lifferently  affected  by  the 
People  in  England  were  diOeren  y 
.V  Lees  in  the  colonies      S. -le  were  for  sup 
disturbances  m  ne  all  events,  and 

portingtheauthonty  "^^^^J        ^.^^  ,,,  p„i,t 
for  enforcing  the  stamp  act  if  ■*^™'  ^^  „,. 

„r«.e  sword,  while  oth-w^e^^^^^^^ 

'""^'^'^''irrwtrioutof  place,... 


«sa^^^l^;?ism;^" 


NORTH  America.  ei 

Ifrhen,  on  the  32d  of  Februaqr,  1786,  this  obnoxious 
act  was  repealed. 

In  Maf ,  1767,  Mr.  Cbarles  Towinend,  then  dvink- 
cellor  of  tbe  Exchequer}  nio?ed  the  House  of  CoD^ 
mons  for  lea?e  to  bring  in  bills  for  granting  f  i  doty 
.upon  paper,  glas^,  ptnnters'  colours,  &c.  in  th^  I^rit- 
ish  American  colonies ;  for  setting  ^uaSes  on  .thv^ 
governors,  judges,  &«.  in  North  America ;  and  for 
taking  off  the  duties  on  leas  «xported  to  America, 
and  granting  .a  du(^  of  three  pence  a  pound  on  tl^ 
importation  HI  America.  Two  bills  were  at  length 
framed,  and  in  June  received  tbe  royal  assent. 

These  acts  occasioned  fresh  disturbances  in  Amer- 
ica, where  matters  were  earried  to  a  much  greater 
height  than  before.  In  consequence  of  this,  Lord 
Hillsborough  wrote  to  General  Gage,  in  June,  1768, 
to  send  troops  to  Boston,  in  order  to  jireserve  the 
peace  of  that  town. 

The  introduction  of  troops  into  Boston  was  attend- 
ed with  very  serious  consequences.  The  inhabi- 
tants became  exeeedingly  riotoi^s,  and  some  of  the 
rabble  pushed  their  ill  conduct  so  far,  as  to  oblige 
the  soldiers  to  fire  on  them  in  their  own  defence. 
This  happened  on  the  5th  of  March,  1 770,  w:.?n  three 


.•  i 


Bf  THE  HISTORY  OP 

persons  were  liiUed,  fire  dangerously  wounded,  and 
a  few  sUgbtly. 

This  was  far  from  removing  the  eril,  and  only 
tended  to  widen  flie  breach.  Under  the  notion  of 
zeal  for  Ifberty,  fhe  rabble  ran  into  the  mosit  exteih 
sive  licentiousness,  and  were  every  where  guilty  of 
the  most  lawless,  onjuat,  and  tyrannical  proceedings, 
{niUing  dotirn  houses,  destroying  the  property  of 
«very  one  that  had  faHen  under  their  displeasure, 
Itod  delivering  prisoners  out  of  the  hands  of  justice. 

Let  us  now  turn  our  attention  to  ste  what  was  do- 
ing, in  the  mean  time  at  home.  The  supporting  the 
authority  of  parliament,  was  the  only  cause  assigned 
by  the  minister  himself  for  retaining  the  tea  duty  at 
the  very  time  he  acknowledged  it  to  be  as  anti-corn* 
mercial  a  tax,  as  any  of  those  that  had  been  repealed 
upon  that  principle. 

The  East-India  company  feeling  the  bad  effects  of 
the  colonial  smuggling  trade  in  the  large  quantities 
of  tea,  which  remained  in  their  ware  houses  unsold, 
requested  the  repeal  of  the  three-pence  per  pound 
in  America,  and  offered,  on  its  being  complied  with, 
government  should  retain  six- pence  in  the  pound  on 
the  exportation.    Thus  the  company  presented  the 


ivajpi.SSfei..,!^-,,^ 


sprm  ^ntrgn^nDefiiMWd'niUJl*) 


NORTH  AMERICA.  05 

Happiest  opportunity  that  could  have  been  oflered  for 
honorably  removing  the  cause  of  diflereoce  with 
America.  This  afforded  an  opening  for  doing  jus- 
tice, without  infringing  the  claims  on  either  sido. 
The  minister  was  requested  and  intreated,  by  a  gen- 
tleman of  great  weight  m  the  company,  and  a  mem- 
ber  of  parliament,  to  embrace  the  opportunity  ;  but 
it  was  obstinately  rejected. 

New  contrivances  were  set  on  foot  to  introduce 
the  tea,  attended  with  the  three-penny  cluty,  iiUo 
all  the  colonies.    Various  intrigues  and  solicitations 
were  used  to  induce  the  EasMndia  company  to  un- 
dertake this  rash  and  foolish  business.    It  was  pro- 
tested against  as  contrary  to  the  principle  of  the 
company's  monopoly  ;  but  the  power  of  the  ministry 
prevailed,  and  the  insignificant  three-penny  duty  on 
tea  was  doomed  to  be  the  fatal  bone  of  contention 
between  Great-Britain  and  her  colonies.    The  com- 
pany at  last  adopted  the  system,  and  became  their 
own  factors.    They  sent  600  chests  of  tea  to  Phila- 
delphia, the  like  quantity  to  New- York  and  Boston, 
besides  what  was  consigned  to  other  places.    Sev- 
eral ships  were  also  freighted  for  different  colonies, 

and  agents  appointed  for  the  disposal  of  the  cem- 
modity. 


If*' 


.**:» 


IH'- 


: 


t   ' 


M 


*ftE  HIS'TORt  OP 


In  the  mean  time  the  eolonists,  wbo  well  kiie# 
ivhaf  had  passed  in  Hie  motlier  cottttfrf^  were  com 
certing  meaturei  to  counteract  the  riewa  of  Hhe  Btit- 
hh  ministry.  Soon  after  the  arrivaF  of  the  tea  sbipt 
at  Boston,  a  nuiAb^r  of  person,  chiellf  mafeters  of 
Tessels,  and  ship  bulldefs  from  the  north  end  of  the 
town,  about  seventeen  in  number,  dressed  as  In- 
dians, went  on  board  the  ships^  and  in  about  two 
hours  hoisted  out  of  them  and  broke  open  34S  chests 
of  tea,  the  contents  of  which  they  emptied  into  the 
sea.  They  were  not  in  the  least  molested  ^  for  the 
multitude  of  spectators  on  the  wharf  served  as  & 
covering  party.  The  whole  business  was  conducted 
with  very  little  tumult,  and  no  damage  was  done  to 
the  vessels  or  any  otiier  property.  When  the  bus»- 
nesB  was  finished,  the  people  returned  quietly  to 
their  own  towns  and  habitatton9.     .; 

rThese  and  other  decisive  proceedlDgs  of  th^  Bos- 
tonlans,  induced  the  Brllish  ministry  to  bring  in  a 
bill  into  parliatneAt,  **  for  the  immediate  removal 
of  the  officers  toneerned  in  the  <ioHection  of  the 
customs  at  Boston,  and  to  disconthsUe  the  landing 
and  discharging,  lading  and  shipping  of  goods,  wares^ 
and  merchandizes  at  Boston^  or  within  the  harbor 


t^ORTH  AMERICA.  %S 

thereof."    On  the  SHi  of  March,  1774,  the  bUl  re- 
ceired  the  royal  assent. 

Other  bills  were  passed  by  the  British  F^arliament, 
brought  in  by  Lord  North,  all  tending  to  punish  iM 
Americans,  and  the  Bostonians  in  particular,  for  their 
refractory  behavior.  Petition?  were  sent  over  from 
America,  and  several  of  the  members  of  both  houses 
reprobated  these  severe  and  dangerous  proceedings ; 
but  DO  regard  was  paid  either  to  the  petitions  or  to 
the  remonstrances  of  the  minority  in  both  houses. 
The  then  ministry,  at  the  head  of  which  was  Lord 
North,  were  determined  to  accept  from  the  Ameri- 
cans nothing  short  of  absolute  and  implicit  obedi- 
ence to  the  laws  of  taxation.  On  the  other  hand, 
the  people  of  Massachusetts'  Bay,  supported  and 
spurred  on  by  the  other  colonies,  were  determined 
not  to  submit,  and  prepared  to  repel  force  by  force. 
They  collected  all  the  arms  they  could,  and  spent 
much  of  their  time  in  the  exercise  of  them. 

These  proceedings  of  the  people,  and  their  mani- 
fest disposition  to  resistance,  alarmed  the  General, 
who  thought  it  necessary  for  the  safety  of  the  troops, 
as  well  as  to  secure  the  important  post  of  Boston,  to 
fortify  the  entrance  at  the  neck,  which  afforded  the 

F  2 


-Jtlfiitlt^:.^ 


90 


THE  HISTORY  OF 


onlf  comfflunicatioD  er.cept  bf  water,  betvreen  the 
town  ar.d  the  continent. 

In  England,  petitions  were  presented  from  (ihe 
merchants  of  London,  and  almost  all  the  trading 
towns  in  the  kingdom  ;  and  Mr.  Bollan,  Dr.  Frank- 
lin, and  rir,  Lee,  also  pres*»nted  petitions  from  the 
American  Congress ;  but  governmept  treated  thena 
\vi(h  indifierence  and  contempt 

Lord  Chatham  persevered  in  the  prosecution  of 
7\is  conciliatory  scheme  with  America,  and  accord- 
ingly brought  into  the  house  of  lords  the  outliaes  of 
a  bill,  which  he  hoped  would  answer  that  salutary 
purpose;  but  the  ministry  rejected  it.  At  the  same 
time;  Lord  North  gave  a  sketch  of  the  measures  he 
intended  to  pursue,  which  were  to  send  a  greater 
force  to  America,  and  to  bring  in  a  lempomsy  act, 
to  put  a  Btop  to  all  the  fureign  trade  of  the  different 
eolonies  of  New-Engtand,  particularly  their  fishery 
on  tb';  banks  of  Newfoundland,  ti|l  they  returned  to, 
tJiei*'  duty. 

While  mtaitters  were  thus  going  on  at  home,  Gen- 
erel  Gage,  at  Boston,  received  intelligence  thai  can- 
non and  carriages  were  deposited  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  Salem.  He  accordingly  sent  a  body  of  troops 


NORTH  AMERICA.  «» 

from  the  castle  to  seize  theni)  but  the  Americans 
fowid  time  to  get  tfaem  away,  and  the  troops  return- 
ed without  eiSectingaiiy  thmg. 

A  skirmish  haviog  happened  at  Lexington,  between^ 
the  kings's  troops  and  a  party  of  militia,  General  Gage 
no  sooner  received  this  intelligence  than  he  detach- 
ed Lord  Piercy  to  Concord,  with  sixteen  companies 
of  foot,  and  a  number  of  marines,  900  men  in  the 
^hole,  and  two  pieces  of  cannon,  to  support  Coloneti 
Smith. 

The  junction  of  the  brigade  under  Lord  Piercyj^. 
with  the  detachment  under  Colonel  Smith,  gave  thct. 
last  a  breathing  time,  especially  as  they  now  had 
cannon,  wLieli  a\red  the  provincials  from  pressing 
upon  the  rear  in  a  direct Jine ;  but  the  whole  forcQ 
did  not  venture  to  halt  long,  as  the  minute  men  and 
militia  were  every  where  collecting,  in  order  to  cut 
of  their  retreat  to  Boston.^r^They  soou,  renewed 
their  march,  constant  skirmishing  succeeded,  and  a 
continual  fire,  though  often  irrjQgular  and  scattering 
on  their  side,  as  well  as  on  the  part  of  the  provin- 
cials. The  close  firing  from  behind  the  walls,  by 
^  good  marksmen,  for  such  were  almost  all  the  proviii- 
cials,  put  the  troops  into  no  small  confusion,  au^t 


it  *HE  HISTORY  C* 

pnade  it  so  dangerous  for  the  officers,  that  thej  wer^ 
more  attentive  to  their  safety  than  common.  TL^i 
regulars  when  near  Cambridge,  were  upon  the  point 
of  taking  a  wrong  road,  which  would  have  led  them 
into  the  most  imminent  danger  ;  but  were  prevent- 
ed by  the  direction  of  a  young  gentleman  residing 
at  the  college.  They  made  good  their  retreat  a  lit- 
tle after  sunset,  over  Charlestown  neck  to  Bunker's 
Hill,  but  spent  and  worn  down  by  the  excessive  fa- 
tigues they  had  undergone,  having  marched  that  day 
between  thirty  and  forty  miles  Here  they  remained 
secure  till  the  next  day,  when  they  crossed  at  Cfaarl^ 
town  ferry,  and  returned  to  Boston.  In  this  skirmish, 
the  regulars  had  65  killed,  180  wounded,  and  28 
made  prisoners.  The  provincials  had  50  men  killed, 
34  wounded,  and  4  missing. 

Let  us  now  return  to  the  mother  country,  where 
the  restraining  and  fishery  bill  met  mith  great  oppo- 
sitiop  in  both  houses  of  parliament.  The  fishery 
bill  had  scarcely  cleared  the  house  of  commons, 
when  lord  North  brought  in  another  to  restrain  the 
trade  and  commerce  of  the  colonies  of  New  Jersey, 
Pennsylvania,  Maryland,  Virginia,  and  SouthCaroU-J 
na,  to  Great-Britain^  Ireland,  and  the  British  islands 


-*«*^- 


iil|!ililil|i 


iliPHIiiiiiiPPi 


iQ  tItefW«Bt-tiidieSi  under  eertein  eoadltiont  aadfijo* 
katloiw. 

The  British  wiakAry  did  not  confiae  (hemsclves  to 
the  makmg  of  laws ;  but  they  also  sent  out  againsi 
the  Americans  the  Generals  Howe,  Clinton,  and  Bur- 
goyne,  who  left  England  on  the  28th  of  May,  and  'm 
about  a  week  afterwards  transports  laden  with  troops 
sailed  from  Cork,  to  reinforce  General  Gage. 


Memorable  Events  Recorded  in  ilur  Chapter, 

Expedition  against  Louisburg,        -         A.  D.  ,1745 
General  Braddock  defeated,         -         -  1755 

Massachusetts  Assembly  deelare  against  parlia- 
mentary taxes,        -        ...        -     1764 
The  stamp  act  passed — ^Riots  at  Boston,  on  ac- 
count of  that  act,         -        -        -        -        1765^ 
The  stamp  act  repealed,      ,,^^     -         -  1766^ 

Mr.  C.  Townsend  taxes  the  colonies  again,    -   1737 
Troops  ordered  to  Boston,    ,j^-        -        -        1768 
Soldiers  at  Boston  fire  on  the  mhabitants,     -    1770 
The  East-India  Company  empowered  to  export 
their  own  teas.— The  tea  ibrown  into  thrsea 
at  Boston,       -       -       -       -       -     -     n7S 


Ta 


THE  HISTORY  OT 


The  Massachusetts  people  prepares  to  defend  their 
rights  by  anna. — Gen.  Qage  fortifies  the  en- 
trance into  Boston^        -        -        -       -  *    1774r 

Gen.  Gage  sends  troops  to  Salem. — Skirmishes 
at  Concord  and  Lexington^ — The  restraining 
bills  passed  in  England. — The  Generals  Howe, 
ClintoB}  and  Burgoyne,  sail  for  Boston,     «    1775 


■m 


KORTH  AMERICA. 


n 


CHAPTER  IV. 


i  HE  necessity  of  securing  Ticonderoga)  waa 
«<early*  attended  to  by  many  in  New-England.  Gen. 
Gage  had  set  the  example  of  attempting  to  seize  up- 
on military  stores,  and  by  so  doing  had  commenced 
hosfilities,  so  that  retaliation  appeared  warrantable^ 

Colonel  Allen  was  at  Castleton,  with  about  270 
men,  230  of  whom  were  Green  Mountain  Boys,  so 
cslled  from  their  residing  within  the  limits  of  the 
Green  Mountalpis,  the  Hampshire  Grants  being  so  de- 
nominated from  the  range  of  green  mountains  that 
run  through  them.  Sentinels  were  placed  tiiamedi* 
ately  on  all  the  roads  to  prevent  «ny  inteiligence  be- 
ing carried  to  Ticonderoga. 


Colonel  Arnold,  who  now  jdHlid  Colonel  Allen,  re- 
ported that  there  were  at  Ticonderoga,  8§|||e6e8  of 
heavy  cannon,  20  of  brass,  tmm  four  to  ^eii^teea 
pounders,  ten  or  a  doeen  mortars,  a  number  of  amall 


m^\i-r'^ 


t''ti    l'ililllittri'rttlltiii''if  IV'iiBrfto'  M\ 


^  THK  fflSToanr  OP 

^  .„a  co»iaemble  stores,  that  the  Fort  w«l. 
v.nn  «id  u he  supposed, ganiso»e« 

w  about  40  men.    U  was  men 
Men  should  h«ve  the  supreme  com«««.  ««» 
Arnold  was  to  he  his  assistant. 

•„-,      A  sentry  snapped  his  fusee  m.  v 
ofthemommg.    A  sentry    J^  „a 

:.    .1  Allen  and  then  retreated  through  me 

r  !lde     The  main  body  of  the  Amer.- 
wayto  the  parade^    ah  Captain  De  la 

^  toen  foUowed.  and  drew  up         P 
y,.ce,  the  commander,  was  surpnaeJSnbea.    1 

^«.epUcet»Wenwithoutanybloodshed.         ^ 

Onthe;->.J««"".*'«'^°'^"^T«t 
.-  „  .    .  General  to  command  aU  the 

^'*'^^':«'^^Washingto„.Es..was 
tjontincntal  forces,  i#^e«^ 
unammo^y  elected. 

w^*  J.      ««,.» Sefiued  bv  the  ^atiencans , 

Thfc&xtilay  orders  were  «««ed  by 
fo,  , detachment  oC one  thousand  men.  lomarcha 


NORTH  AMERICA.  W 

^Jrening,  and  intrench  upon  Banker's  Hill.    By  some » 
nifetake,  Breed*9  Hill,  high  and  large  like  ifce  oUier,t)ut' 
situated  on  the  furthest  part  of  tlie  peninsula,  next  to- 
Boston,  was  marked  out  for  the  intrenchment  instead 
of  Bunker's.  The  prorincialsproceeded,  therefore,  to 
Breed's  hill ;  but  were  prevented  goii  ;  to  work  till 
near  12  o'clock  at  night,  wlj^n  Uiey  pursued  tlieir  bu-, 
siness  witli  thp  utmost  diligence  and  alacrity ;  sotliat 
by  the  dawn  of  the  day  they  had  thrown  up  a  small 
redoubt,  about  eight  rods  square.     Such  was  the  ex-^ 
traordinary  silence  that  reijgned  among  them,  that . 
they  were  not  heatd  by  the  British  on.  board  their 
vessels  in  the  neighbodng  waters.    The  sight  of  the 
wor!k  was  the  first  notice  that  the  Lively  man  of  war 
had  of  them,  when  the  captain  be^an  firing  upon 
them  about  fouj^pn  .the  morninj;. 

The  guns  called  the  town  of  Boston,  the  <;amp, 
and  the  fleet,  to  behold  a  novelty,  which  was  little 
expected.  The  prospect  obliged  the  British  gene- 
rals to  alter  the  plan  they  inten^^d  to  have  pursued 
the  next  day.  They  grew  weary  of  being  cooped 
ia  Bost:on,  and  had  resolved  upon  making  tboinselves 
masters  df  Dorchester  heights  ;  but  the  present  pro- 
vincial movement  prevented  the  expedition.    Iliey 

were  now  called  to  attempt  possessing  themselves 
G 


74 


THE  HISTORY  OF 


of  Bree^js  hill,  on  which  the  proyincuilfl  coDtimied 
workmg,  nolmrUhstaiidkig  a  heavy  fire  from  the  ene- 
my's ships,  a  number  of  floating  batteries,  and  a-£M> 
tifioation  upon  Copp'-s  hUI,  in  Boston,  direeliy  Oppo- 
site to  the  little  Asierican  redoubt.  An  incessant 
shower  of  shot  and  bombs  ^  as  poured  by  the  batte- 
ries upon  the  American  work,  and  yet  but  one  inan 
was  kiUed. 

The  Americans  continued  laboring  indefatigably 
till  they  had  thrown  up  a  small  breastwork,  extend- 
ing from  the  east  side  of  the  redoubt  to  the  bottom 
of  that  hill ;  but  they  were  prevented  completing  it 
from  the  intolerable  fire  of  the  enemy.  By  some 
unaccountable  error,  the  detachment,  which  had  been 
woridng  for  hours,  was  neither  relleyed  nor  supplied 
with  refreshments,  but  were  1^  to  engage  under 
these  disadvantages. 

Between  twelvelind  one  o'clock,  and  the  day  ex- 
ceedingly hot,  a  number  of  boats  and  barges,  filled 
with  regular  troops  l%m  Boston  approached  Charles- 
town,  when  the  men  were  landed  at  Moreton's  point. 
Tliey  consisted  of  four  battalUons,  two  companies 
of  grenadiers,  and  ten  of  light  infantry,  with  a  pro- 
portion of  field  artillery ;  but,  by  some  oversight,  \ 


I'l'iiiAt'iiiifiiiM^iiiiiii" 


i»^-SJ's.'vv«(W5f5l|«j!nB»!w«*<w? 


NORTH  ABIEBICA. 


7« 


their  spare  cartridges  were  much  too  big  for  them  : 
80  that  when  the  Americaiia  were  at  lengdi  forcc«l 
from  their  lines,  there  was  not  a  round  of  arliUerjr 
cartridges  remaining. 

MajorOeneral  Howe  and BrigadicrGeireral  Pignt 
had  the  command.    The  troops  formed,  and  rcriiaiis- 
ed  in  that  position,  till  joined  by  a  second  defaehr- 
ment  of  light  infantry  and  grenadier  companies,  a 
battallion  of  the  land  forces,  and  a  battaflion  of  ina- 
Hnes,  amoanting  in  the  whole  to  about  3000  nicr. 
The  OeniilalB  CKnton  and  Bnrgoyne  took  thek  sfaud 
t^pon  Copp*^  hill,  to  observe  and  contein|>lafe  the 
blbody  and  destructire  operations  that  were  now 
commencing.    The  regulars  formed  in  two  lincSj  and 
advanced  dehberately,  frequently  baiting  to  give  time 
for  the  artillery  to  fire,  which  was  not  well  served. 
The  light  in&ntry  were  directed  to  force  the  left 
point  of  the  breastwork,  and  to  take  the  Amecieau 
Kne  in  flank.    The  grenadiers  advanced  to  attack  m 
front,  supported  by  two  battallions^  white  %  left  mi- 
da  Gen.  Figot,  Inclkied  tQ  the  right  of  the  Ameri- 
ean  line.    One  or  two  of  the  continental  regiments 
bad  been  posted  in  Gharle^town,  but  afterwards  re- 
moved to  prevent  their  being  cut  off  by  a  sudden 


76 


THE  HISTORY  OP 


"M': 


•rr 


attack ;  so  that  the  British  were  not  in  the  katt  hurt 
by  the  musketry  from  theuce. 

General  Gage  had  for  some  time  resolved  upon 
burning  the  town,  whenever  any  works  were  raised 
by  tlie  Americans  upon  the  hills  belonging  to  it ; 
and  while  the  British  were  advancing  nearer  to  the 
attack,  orders  came  to  Copp's  hill  for  executing  the 
resolution.  Soon  after  a  carcass  was  discharged, 
which  set  fire  to  an  old  house  near  the  ferry  way ; 
ifae  fire  instantly  spread^  and  most  of  the  place  was 
soon  in  tlames  ;  while  the  houses  at  the  f^tem  end 
of  Charlestowu.were  set  on  fire  by  men  who  landed 
from  the  boats. 

*Tfte  regulars  derived  no  advantage  from  the 
smokfe^  of  the  conflagration,  for  the  wind  suddenly 
shifting  carried  it  another  way  so  that  it  could  not 
cev€^them  in  their  approach.  The  provincials  had 
not  a  rifieman  among  them,  not  one  being  yet  arriv- 
ed from  the  southward ;  nor  had  they  any  other  guns 
than  common  muskets,  and  even  those  were  not  fur- 
nished with  bayonets.  However  they  were  almost 
all  marksmen,  being  accustomed  to  sporting  of  one 
kind  or  other  from  their  youth.  A  number  of  Mas- 
sachusetts people  were  in  the  redoubt,  and  the  part 


/'"t^; 


i^^^ 


■"^:^ 


KORTff  AMXRIOA.  Tf 

0f  the  breMtwork  nearest  it — ^The  left  of  tlie  breast 
work)  and  tlie  open  ground  stretching  beyond  itv 
fioint  to  the  water  side,  through  which  there  was  not 
an  opportunitj  of  carrying  the  work,  was  occupied 
partly  by  the  Massachusett's  forces,  and  partly  by  the 
people  of  Connecticut 

The  British  moved  on  slowly  to  tlie  attack,  bistead 
of  using  a  quick  step  ;  which  gave  the  provinciala 
the  advantage  of  taking  surer  and  cooler  aim.  These 
reserved  their  fire,  till  the  regulars  came  within  ten 
or  twelve  mds,  when  they  began  a  furious  discharge 
of  small  arms,  which  stopped  Uie  regulars,  who  kept 
up  the  firing  without  adyancrng  The  discharge 
from  the  Americans  was  so  incessant,  and  did  such 
execution,  that  the  regulars  retreated  in  disorder, 
and  with  great  precipitation  towards  the  pla^e  of 
landing.  Their  officers  used  every  effort  to  make  them 
return  to  the  charge,  with  which  they  at  length  com- 
plied ;  but  the  Americans  again  reserved  their  fire 
till  the  regulars  came  within  five  or  six  rods,  when 
tlie  enemy  was  a  second  time  put  to  flight. 

General  Howe  and  tlie  officers  redoubled  their  ex- 
ertions; and  General  Clinton,  perceiving  how  the 

Uie  ariry  was  staggered,  passed  over,  without  wait- 

G  2 


~\ 


78  THE  HISTOIiY  OP 

iug  for  orders,  wid  joined  them  in  time  to  be  of  ser- 
vice. The  Americans  being  in  want  of  powder,  sent 
for  a  suppljr,  bvtt  could  procure  none ;  for  there  was 
but  a  barrel  and  a  half  in  the-magaziue.  This  deB- 
«iency  disabled  them  from  making  the  same  defence 
as  before ;  while  the  British  reaped  a  further  adran- 
tage  by  bringing  some  cannon  to  bear,  so  as  to  rake 
the  inside  of  the  breastwork  from  end  to  end.  The 
regular  army  now  made  a  decisive  push,  and  the  fire 
from  the  ships  and  batteries  was  redoubled.  The 
provincials  were  of  necessity  ordered  to  wtreat. 

It  was  feared  by  the  Americans,  that  Ihe  Biitish 
troops  would  push  the  advantage  they  had  gained, 
and  march  immediately  to  the  head  quarters  at 
Cambridge,  about  two  miles  distant,  and  In  no  state 
of  defence.  But  they  advanced  no  farther  than  to 
Bunker's  hill,  where  they  threw  up  works  for  their 
own  security.  The  provincials  did  the  same  upon 
Prospect  liifl,  in  front  of  them,  about  half  way  te 
Cambridge. 

The  loss  of  the  British  according  to   Gen.  Gage, 

amounted  to  1054,  of  whom  226  were  killed  ;  of 

these   19  were  commissioTied  officers,  including  a 

'lieutenant- colonel,  two  majors,  and  seven  captains. 


J^i^iijM 


NORTH  AMERICA.  n 

Seventy  other  ofj&cers  were  woundeil. — Among 
those  more  generally  regretted,  were  lieutenant-colo- 
nel Abercromby  and  Major  Pitcaim. 

The  proyincials  had  139  killed,  278  wounded  and 
36  were  missing ;  in  all  453. 

In  the  opinion  of  many,  General  Howe  was  cfaarg- 
able  with  a  capital  error  in  lantrmg  and  attacking  as 
he  did.  It  might  originate  from  too  great  a  confi- 
dence in  the  forces  he  commanded,  and  in  too  con- 
temptuous  an  opinion  of  the  enemy  he  had  to  en- 
counter.  He  certainly  might  have  entrapped  the 
provincials^  by  landing  on  the  narrowest  part  of 
Charlestown  neck,  under  the  fire  of  the  floating  bat- 
teries and  ships  of  w  ar.  Here  he  might  have  sta- 
tioned and  fortified  his  army,  and  kept  up  an  opeo 
communication  with  Bpstqn  by  water  carmige,  which 
he  would  have  commanded  through  the  aid  of  the 
navy,  on  eaciv  side  of  the  peninsula.  Had  he  made 
this  manoeuvre,  the  provincials  must  have  made  a 
rapid  retreat  from  Breed's  hill,  to  escape  having  hfs 
troops  in  their  rear,  and  being  enclosed.  It  was  said 
that  General  Clinton  proposed  it.  The  rejection  oX 
that  proposal  greatly  weakened  the  British,  army, 
liud  {probably  prevented  llic  ruin  of  the  American?. 


''•*H^ 


IF 


In  Jhlf ,  fbd  Congress  receired  a  lefder  Troia  M' 
eofOw^o^oB  of  6eor^a,  setting  fortH,  tf lAt  tl^e  eoiats^ 
had  acceded  to  Hhe  general  association,  («Bd  af^mbf 
Cd  delegates  to  attend  tbe  Gongress^. 

The  accession  of  Georgia  to  the  colonies  occasfon^ 
ed  their  being  afterwards  called  The  Thirteen  United 
Colonies.  The  first  hostilities  that  happ^^ned  in  this 
part,  between  the  opposite  parties,  commenced  about 
the  middle  of  November,  when  a  number  of  royal- 
ists attacked  the  Americans,  and  obliged  them  after 
three  days  to  surrender  a  iort  they  had  taken  posses- 
sion of,  in  which  they  expected  to  make  ao  effectual 
resistance. 

In  thw  month  of  November,  the  New- York  conr 
Tention  having  resolved  upon  the  removal  of  tbe 
cannon  from  the  battery  of  the  city.  Captain  Sears, 
was  appointed  to  the  business.  Captain  Vandepuf, 
of  the  Asia  man  of  war,  was  privately  informed  of 
t}ie  design,  and  prepared  to  oppose  its  execution. 
Learning  when  it  was  to  be  attempted,  he  appointed 
a  boat  to  watch  the  motion  of  the  people  assembled 
for  the  purpose  about  ihe  deaJ  of  night.  The  sail- 
ors in  ihv  boat  giving  the  Signal,  with  a  flash  of  pow- 
der of  wh&i  was  guing  forward,  tbe  persons  on  shore 


t 


-piiil^W]!Jv|i«fppRnpiWiJ|U|Lii,iJUp 


NORTH  AIQERICA.  W 

.mistook  jt  for  an  attempt  to  fire  9  musket  at  fl?em, 
And  immediately  fired  a  volley  of  shot  at  the  boat,  bj 
Tvhich  a  man  was  killed.  Captain  Yandeput  sooa 
after  commenced  a  firing  from  the  Asia  with  grape 
and  swivel  shot,  18  and  24  pounders,  without  killing 
a  single  p€(r§on,  and  woi^nded  only  three,  two  slightly, 
the  other  lost  the  calf  of  his  leg.  He  then  ceased 
fo?  a  considerable  time,  supposing  that  the  {)eop!e 
had  desisted  from  their  purpose,  while  Ihey  were  oo- 
}j  changing  their  mode  of  operaticrk. 

Captain  Sears  provided  a  deceiving  party,  intend- 
ed to  draw  the  Asia's  fire  from  the  line  of  the  workr 
ing  party.  He  sent  the  former  behind  a  br^as^worky 
by  which  they  were  secured  by  dodging  dowj}  ijpon 
observing  the  flash  of  the  Asia's  guns.  When  ull 
was  in  readiness,  they  huzzaed,  and, sung  out  thdr 
notes  as  though  tugging  in  unison,  and  fired  from  the 
walls ;  while  the  working  party  silently  got  off  21 
18  pounders,  with  cai'riages,  empty  catridges,  ram- 
mtrs,  &r.c. 

t 

Upon  hearing  the  noise  and  seeing  the  fire  of  the 
musketry,  the  captain  ordered  the  Asia  to  fire  a  whole 
broadside  towards  that  part  of  the  Fort,  where  the 
deceivLig  par«y  had  secured  themselves,  without  iD« 


'■■'¥  :,*1 


THE  BISTORT  Of 


t^ 


tending  any  particular  injury  to  the  eify.  Hoirerer, 
tonie  ol  the  shot  dew  into  the  city,  atid  dSd  cootide^ 
ab!@  damage. 

This  affair  happened  at  a  very  late  hour,  between 
twelve  and  two,  and  threw  the  citi-sens  into  the  Tit- 
most  consternation.     The  distress  of  the  New- York- 

I 

ers  was  very  much  increased  by  a  painful  spprehcn- 
sion,  that  Captain  Vandeput  would  repQW  his  ftring 
upon  the  city.  A  removal  of  m.en,  women,  children, 
find  goods,  instantly  commenced,  and  continued  for 
some  time.  Matters  were,  however,  so  far  adjusted, 
fts  to  quiet  the  apprehensions  of  the  people,  m  ref«»- 
reoce  to  their  sufiering  further  from  the  fire  of  tfie 
Asia.  To  prevent  it,  the  convts'ntion  permitted 
Abraham  Lott,  Esq.  io  supply  his  majesty's  skips, 
stationed  at  New-Yoric,  with  all  necessaries,  as  weH 
fresh  as  salted,  for  the  use  of  those  ships. 

In  the  month  of  November,  the  Grenera)  Assem- 
bly of  Rhode- Island  passed  an  act  for  the  capitis!  pun-^ 
ishment  of  persons,  who  should  be  found  guHly  of 
holding  a  traitorous  correspoBdeuce  witb  tfas  mists- 
ftiy  of  Great  Britain,  or  any  df  Iheir  officers  or  ageat^ 
or  of  supplying  the  ministerial  army,  or  nafvy,  LOt 
ployed  agaunst  the  United  Colonies^  with  provisions, 


NORTH  AMERICA.  93 

jutns,  Uc.  or  of  acting  as  pUots  on  board  any  of  their 
Tetfieb.  Th^  also  passed  an  act  for  sequestering 
tiie  estates  of  several  persons,  wbomtbey  considered 
as  avowed  enemies  to  the  liberties  of  Americi^. 

On  the  night  of  the  26th  of  Angast,  about  2000 
American  troops  entrenched  themselves  on  Plowed 
HiU,  within  point  blank  shot  of  Bunker's  Hill ;  and 
notwithstanSing  there  was  a  continual  firing  on  them 
ail  the  day  following,  they  had  only  two  kiP.edi.  and 
two  wounded.  The  British  finding  that  their  fire 
did  not  answer,  relaxed,  and  after  a  while  desisted 
entirely,  and  the  Americans  remain^  quiet  in  their 
ficw  post. 

In  the  beginning  of  September,  General  Washing- 
ton received  a  very  acceptable  remittance  of  7000 
pounds  of  powder,  which  had  been  very  scarce  in  the 
American  army  > 

Cteneral  Washington,  having  received  pleasing  ac- 
counts from  Canada,  being  assured  that  neither  In- 
dians nor  Canadipi»  coutd  be  prevailed  u|ion  to  act 
against  the  Americans,  concerted  the  plan  of  detach  • 
ii^  a  body  of  troops  from  the  head  quarters,  across 
the  country  to  (Quebec.  He  communicated  the  same 
to  General  Schuyler,  who  approved  it,  and  all  things 


^ 


II 


„«ii 


.T53-»'«" 


'^W^r^  "?>'•*' •*vWP'''»»' 


;84 


*HE  HISTORY  OF' 


It' 


.■■.'«i 


were  got  in  readiness. — ITiey  set  out  on  th^  expedi- 
tion on  the  13th  of  September,  under  the  'coi&mand 
of  Colonel  Arnold,  assisted  by  Colonel  Greene  and 
Colonel  Enos,  and  Majors  Meigs  and  Bigelow,  the 
whole  force  amounting  to  about  eleven  hundred 
men.  v 

On  the  18th  of  October,  Captain  Mowat  destroyed 
139  houses,  278  stores,  and  other  buildings,  the  far 
greater  and  better  part  of  the  town  of  Faltnouth,  in 
the  northern  part  of  Massachusetts.  The  inhabitants 
in  compliance  witli  a  resolvi!  of  the  Provincial  Con^ 
gress,  to  prevent  tories  carrying  out  their  elTects,- 
gave  some  violent  obstruction  to  the  loading  of  a 
mast  ship,  which  drew  upon  tliem  the  indignaliojLof 

In  the  mean  time,  General  Montgomery  was  sent 
forward  to  Ticonderoga,  with  a  body  of  troops;  and 
being  arrived  at  the  Isle  aux  Noix,  he  drew  up  a  de* 
claratioii,  which  he  sent  among  the  Canadians,  by, 
Col.  Allen  and  Major  Brown,  assuring  them  that  the. 
army  was  designed  only  against  the  Englisli  garrisonii, 
and  not  against  the  country, their  liberties,  or  religion. 
He  lays  siege  to  St.  Jolm's,  on  the  17th  of  Sepltm- 
bcr. 


I^RTH  AMERICA.  M 

CoL  AHetD  and  Major  Breivn  beipg  on  their  return, 
nCHer  executing  th€  comnussioB,  with  which  the  Geo- 
«fal  had  iotrasted  them,  the  latter  ad?ised  Colonel 
Allen  to  halt,  and  proposed  that  the  Colonel  should 
return  to  Loogueil,  procure  canoes  and  cross  the 
river  St.  Lawrence,  a  little  north  of  Montreal,  while 
he,  the  Major,  crossed  a  little  to  the  south  of  the 
towii,  witli  near  SOO  men,  as  he  had  boats  sufficient. 
Tba  plan  was  approved,  and  Coi.  Allen  passed  the 
ri^erin  the  ni^t.  The  Major,  by  some  means,  fail- 
ed <in  his  part,  and  Col.  Allen  found  himself  the 
next  morning,  in  a  critical  situation,  but  concluded 
on  defemfing  himself.  Gen.  Tarletou,  learning  how 
weak  Colonel  Alien  was,  marched  out  against  hiiu 
with  about  forty  legulars,  togctlier  with  Canadians, 
English,  and  IncVians,  amounting  to  some  hundreds. 
The  Colonel  defended  faimseir  with  much  bravery ; 
but  being  deserted  by  several,  chiefly  Canadians,  and 
having  had  fifteen  of  his  men  killed,  was  under  the 
necessity  of  surrendering  with  tbir(y*Obe  effectives 
and  seven  wounded.     Re  was  directly  put  in  irons. 


Or  the  4th  of  October,  a  party  of  Canadians,  who 

had  joined  the  besiegers,  before  St.  John^s,  intren<'Ji- 

fA  rhemselvc'S  on  the  east  side  of  tlie  lake,  on  which 

the  eiJi'iny  sent  sn  armed  sloop  with  troops  to  drive 

U 


fesi 


S6 


THE  HISTORY  OP 


them  away  ;  but  Ihe  Caaadians  attacked  the  sloop 
with  vigor,  killed  a  number  of  the  men,  and  obliged 
her  to  return  to  St.  John's  in  a  shattered  condition. 

On  the  7th  the  main  body  of  the  army  decamped 
from  the  south  and  marched  to  tlie  north  side  of  the 
Fort.  In  the  evening,  they  began  to  throw  up  a 
breastwork,  in  order  to  erect  a  battery  of  cannon 
and  mortars.  The  continental  troops  brought  such 
a  spirit  of  liberty  into  the  field,  and  thought  so  freely 
ibr  themselves,  that  they  would  not  bear  either  subor- 
dination or  discipline.     The  Generals  could  not,  in 

truth,  direct  their  operations,  and  would  not  have 

» 
stayed  an  hour  at  their  head,  had  tliey  not  feared 

that  the  example  would  be  too  generally  followed, 

and  so  have  injured  thfi  public  service.     There  was 

a  great  want  of  powder,  which,  with  the  disorderly 

behaviour  of  the  troops,  was  a  damper  to  the  hope  of 

terminating  the  siege  successfully.      The  prospect 

however  soon  brightened,  for  the  Americans  planned 

an  attack  upon  Chamblee,  and  in  batteaux  carried 

down  the  artillery  past  the  Fort  of  St.  John's.     Af 

ter  a  short  demur,  Chamblee  surrendered  to  the  ma- 

j'iTS  Brown  and  Livingston.     The  greatest  acquin^ 

lion  was  about  six  tons  of  powder,  which  gav<?  great 

encol^i  3^cment  to  the  provincial:'. 


m. 


^ 


NORTH  AlttERICA. 


8f 


.  On  the  3d  of  November,  the  ganison  of  SL 
Jobn^s,  consisting  of  500  regulars  and  100  Cana- 
dians, after  a  siege  of  46  days,  surrendered  by  capl- 
tufatioD. 

On  the  12th  of  November,  General  Montgomery 
pressed  on  to  Montreal,  which  not  being  capable  of 
making  any  defence,  Governor  Carleton  quitted  it 
one  day,  and  the  American  General  entered  it  iiie 
next. 

'  '  ^  '  "  ^  * 

•  Notwithstanding  the  advanced  season  of  the  year. 
General  Montgomery  marched  on  for  the  capitHi,  and 
on  the  5th  of  December  appeared  before  Quebec. 
The  garrison  consisted  of  about  fifteen  hundred, 
while  the  besiegers  were  said  to  consist  of  little  more 
than  half  the  number.  Upon  his  appearing  before 
the  city,  he  sent  forward  a  flag  of  truce,  which  was 
fired  upon  by  order  of  Sir  Guy  Carleton.  At  this, 
General  Montgomery  w&s  so  provoked,  th&t  the  next 
day  he  wrote  to  Sir  Guy,  and  in  his  letter,  departed 
from  the  common  mode  of  conveying  his  senti- 
ments ;  he  made  use  of  threats,  and  language,  which 
in  his  cooler  moments  he  would  have  declined. 

In  spite  of  the  inclemency  of  tlie  season,  he  set 
about  erecting  works.    His  batteries  were  compos* 


ttw— ■»'4'^.-A:;,-A!  <*■. 


yvj-^.^,,a'- 


p 


«. 


03  THE  HISTORY  OP 

eA  of  snow  and  water,  whiefa  soon  became  solid  ice. 
He  planted  on  them  five  pieces  of  ordnance,  twelve 
and  nine  pounders,  with  one  howitzer; — but  the 
artilleiy  was  inadequate,  and  made  no  impression. 

In  the  evening  a  eotincil  was  held  by  all  the  com- 
manding officers  of  Colonel  Arnold's  detachment, 
and  a  large  majority  were  for  storming  the  garHs6t}^ 
aa  soon  as  the  men  were  provided  ivith  bayonets, 
spears,  hatchets,  and  kand  grenades.  The  planr  of 
stormii.^y  the  garrison  was  wholly  the  work  of  G^m- 
eral  Montgomeiy,  who,  in  the  council  of  war  held, 
on  t^ie  occasion,  shewed  the  necessity,  practicability, 
and  importance  of  it  in  such  a  clear  and  convincing 
manner,  that  they  unaninK>usly  agreed  to  the  meas- 
ure. The  f'Memii  bad  the  f^j^pearance  of  rashness ; 
but  the  General  was  persuaded  that  men,  who  had 
behaved  so  bravely,  would  follow  him,  and  that  Sir 
Guy  Garleton's  forces  would  not  light,  when  actual 
service  commenced. 

On  the  31st  of  December,  the  troops  assembled 
at  the  hour  appointed.  They  were  to  make  (he 
attack  by  the  way  of  cape  Diamond,  at  the  General's 
quarters  on  the  heights  of  Abraham,  and  were  head- 
ed by  the  General  himself.     Colonel  Arnold  was 


'SJ- 


>l*!P5'!' 


NORTH  AMERICA.  Si" 

iDftde  to  attack  through  the  suburba  of  St.  Roe.  Co- 
lonel Livingston  and  Major  Brown  were  to  make  a 
false  attack  upon  the  walls,  to  the  southwai'd  of  St. 
John's  gate,  and  in  the  mean  time  to  set  fire  to  the 
gate  with  the  combustibles  prepared  for  that  purpose. 
The  Colonel  was  also  to  give  the  signals  for  the  com- 
bination of  the  attacks  which  were  to  begin  exactly 
at  five  o'clock.  It  is  said  that  Captain  Fraser,  of  the 
regulars,  who  was  then  on  piquet,  going  his  rounds, 
saw  the  rockets  fired  off  as  signals,  and  forming  h 
conjecture  of  what  was  going  forward,  beat  to  arms 
without  orders,  and  so  prepared  the  garrison  for 
defence. 

The  diflTerent  routes  the  assailants  had  to  make, 
the  depth  of  the  snow,  and  other  obstacles,  preventeii 
the  execution  of  Livingston's  command.  The  Gen- 
eral moved  with  his  division,  attended  by  a  number 
of  carpenters,  to  the  piquets  at  cape  Diamond. 
These  were  soon  cut  with  the  saws,  and  the  Gener- 
al pulled  them  down  himself.  He  then  entered, 
attended  by  the  carpenters  and  some  of  his  otfi- 
cere. 

On  their  entrance,  their  guides  forsook  them, 
which  alarmed  the  General  and  other  officers,  who 

H  a 


"•^1*''t»^ 


"w^*rftk':iji^ 


ItlE  HfBTOHir  OP 

were  mticqtniiited  with  flie  paw  and  situation  of 
the  enemy's  artiltery.  Hbwever,  they  premed  Imi, 
itnd  the  General  obflenrmg  that  the  troops  dkl  not 
follow  with  spirit,  called  out,  "  Fie,  for  shame !  will 
the  New-Tork  troops  desert  the  cause  in  this  critical 
moment  7  Will  you  not  fdllbw  when  your  Genera! 
leads  ?  Push  on,  brave  boys,  Quebec  is  ours."  A 
few  acted  with  resolution,  advanoed  and  attacked 
the  guard  house,  when  the  enemy  gave  a  discharge 
of  grape  shot  from  their  cannon,  and  also  of  small 
arms,  which  proved  fatal  to  the  Get^eral,  his  Aid- de- 
Camp,  Captain  Cheseman,  and  others.  The  firing 
from  the  guard-house  ceased,  by  the  enemy  ^s  quit- 
ting their  post,  and  the  opportunity  offered  for  Uie  as- 
sailants to  push  forward  with  success  ;  but  the  Depu- 
ty-Quarter- Master-General,  Campbell,  with  the  rank 
of  Colonel,  assumed  the  command,  ordered  a  retreat 
which  took  place,  and  the  wounded  were  carried  qS 
to  the  camp. 

The  division  under  Colonel  Arnold  was  equally 
nnsucccssful.  The  Colonel  received  a  wound  in 
one  of  his  legs  from  a  musket  ball,  and  was  carried 
to  tlie  general  hospiial  His  men  maintained  tlieir 
ground  till  ten  o'clock,  when  all  hopes  of  relief  be- 
ing over,  they  were  obliged  at  last  to  surrender  piir 


ii«S-JU.Viiiifeai.ti!£Iiitij..:. 


-rr^^ 


NDHTH  AMERICA. 


n 


oners  of  wat.  In  thie  attack  the  provmcials  lost  u(>*' 
wards  of  one  hundred  0i«n.  General  Mootgomer^r 
was  shot  through  both  his  tjiighs  and  hea  d .  His  bod jr 
was  taken  up  the  next  day,  an  elegant  coffin  was  pre- 
pared, and  he  was  soon  after  decently  interred.  The 
General  was  tall  and  slender,  woll  limbed,  of  an 
easy,  graceful,  and  manly  address.  He  had  the  lore^ 
esteem,  and  confidence  of  the  whole  army ;  he  was^ 
of  a  good  family  in  Ireland,  and  had  served  with  re- 
putation  in  the  late  war  with  France.  His  excellent 
qualities  and  disposition  procured  him  an  uncommon 
share  of  private  affection,  and  his  abilities,  of  public^ 
esteem.  His  death  was  considered  as  a  greater  losa 
to  t)ie  American  cause,  than  all  the  others  with: 
whteh  it  was  accompanied* 

When  the  continental  troops  had  collected,  after 
ilie  unsuccessful  attack  on  Queb^,  there  arose  a 
dispute  ^'ho  should  command,  and  whether  it  was 
adviseable  to  raise  the  siege,  or  wait  till  a  reinforce- 
ment should  arrive.  A  council  of  war  agreed,  that 
Colonel  Arnold  should  command,  and  should  con- 
tinue the  siege,  or  rather  blockade,  which  was  ac- 
cordingly done,  apparently  at  no  small  risk,  as  they 
had  not  more  than  four  hundred  men  fit  for  duty  ; 


irt./!::  viF=34L'*..,«;"^  1 


^ 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
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c*^%     ^v  ^  :> 


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Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


i3  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


(A 


^■^■iiililliip"'"^^ 


84^ 


THE  HISTORY  OF^ 


but  they  retired  about  three  miles  from  the  city,  and 
po'^ted  themselTes  adyantageously. 


:^- 


Memorable  Events  Recorded  in  this  Chapter, 

The  expedition  against  Ticonderoga,       A.  D.  1775 

George  Washington,  Esq.  Elected  Commander- 
in-Chief  of  the  Continental  forces,        -     -    do. 

The  battle  of  Bunker's  hill,        -        -        -       do. 

Georgia  accedes  to  the  Union,         -         -        d(^. 

The  Thirteen  Colonies  United,         -        -        do. 

The  Asia  man  of  war  fires  upon  New- York,        do. 

Col.  Arnold's  Expedition  into  Canada.        -       do. 

Falmouth  destroyed,  and  on  what  account,         do. 

Col.  Allen  taken  prisoner,  and  put  in  irons,         do. 

Geu.  Montgomery  appears  before  Quebec,  and 
falls  in  an  attack  upon  it,        -       -       -       do^ 


XCRTH  AI^m€4(r 


9^ 


It 


CHAPTER  V. 


XiET  us  now  return  to  Boston,  and  it^  envi^ 
ronS)  and  see  what  was  transacting  there.  On  the 
1 5th  of  February,  1776,  the  strength  of  the  ice  hav- 
ing been  tried  in  one  place,  and  the  frost  continuing^ 
Gen.  Washington  was  desirous  of  embracing  the  sea- 
son for  passing  over  it  from  Cambridge  side  into 
Boston.  He  laid  before  the  council  of  war,  the  fol- 
lowing question : — ^''  A  stroke  well  aimed  at  this  crit- 
ical juncture,  may  put  a  final  period  to  the  war,  and 
restore  peace  and  tranquility,  so  much  to  be  wished 
for ;  and  therefore,  whether  part  of  Cambridge  and 
Roxbury  bays  being  frozen  over,  a  general  assault  ' 
should  not  be  made  on  Boston  ?" 

General  Ward  opposed  the  idea,  saying,  ^*  the  at- 
tack must  \^  made  with  a  view  of  bringing  on  an  en*' 
gagement,  or  of  driving  the  enemy  out  of  Boston, 
and  either  end  will  be  answered  much  better  by  pos- 


#, 


mmmm 


'mmmmm 


9* 


THE  HISTORY  OF 


sessing  Dorchester  heights."  When  the  votes  were 
called  for,  the  majority  were  against  the  attack.  ^ 
was,  however,  determined  to  possess  themselves  of 
Dorchester  heights,  which  was  accordingly  afterwards 
accomplished. 

On  ihfe  5th  of  March,  the  British  admiral  informed 
Gen.  Howe,  that  if  the  Americans  possessed  those 
heights,  he  could  not  keep  one  of  his  majesty's  skips 
in  the  harbor.  Every  design  of  Gen.  Howe  to  force 
the  American  works  on  the  hill  being  frustrated,  a 
council  of  war  was  called,  when  it  was  agreed  to 
evacuate  the  town  as  soon  as  possible.  The  time 
that  had  been  gained  by  the  Americans  for  strength- 
ening their  works,  took  away  all  hopes  of  any  suc- 
cessful attempts  to  be  made  on  them  by  the  British 
forces.  The  Americans  had  provided  a  great  num- 
ber ^of  barrels,  filled  with  .stones^  gravel,  and  sand, 
which  were  placed  round  the  works,  ready  to  be 
rolled  down,  with  a  view  to  break  the  lines  of  any 
bofitile  advancing  troops,  when  ascending  the  hills. 

On  the  7th  of  March,  there  was  a  general  hurry 
and  confusion  in  Boston,  every  one  in  the  royal  in- 
terest, being  busy  in  preparing  to  quit  the  town,  and 


NORTH  AMERICA. 


^ 


io  carry  oflf  every  thing  that  was  valuable.  A  flag 
ivas  sent  out  from  the  selectmen  acquainting  Gen. 
^Washington  with  the  intention  of  the  troops,  and  that 
Oeneral  Howe  was  disposed  to  leave  the  town  stand- 
ing, provided  he  could  retire  uninterrupted.  Geo. 
»Washington  bound  himself  under  no  obligation,  but 
expressed  himself  in  words,  which  admitted  of  a  fa- 
vorable construction ;  «nd  intimated  his  good  wishes 
for  the  preservation  of  Boston.  At  4  o'clock,  in  the 
morning  of  the  1 7th,  the  embarkation  was  complete 
«cl,  '&',^  before  ten  the  whole  fleet  was  under  sail,  and 
the  provincials  soon  after  took  possession  of  the 
town. 

Let  us  now  talte  a  view  of  what  was  doing  in  Vir- 
ginia. Towards  the  close  of  1775,  the  Liverpool 
frigate  arrived  at  Norfolk,  from  Great- Britain.  Soon 
after,  the  Captain  sent  a  flag  of  truce,  and  demamled 
to  be  informed  whether  bis  majesly's  ship  of  war 
would  be  supplied  from  shore  with  provisions.  The 
reply  was  in  the  negative ;  and  the  ships  in  the  har- 
bor being  continually  annoyed  by  the  riflemen  from 
behind  the  buildings  and  warehiipBes  on  the  wharves, 
it  was  determined  to  dislodge  them  by  destroying 
the  town. 


wm 


nppm 


^ 


THE  HISTORY  OF 


Preyions  notice  was  giren,  that  the  Women,  chii- 
-dren,  and  other  innocent  persons  might  remove  from 
the  danger.  The  entrance  of  the  new  year  was  sig- 
nalized at  four  oVlock  in  the  morning,  by  a  violent 
•cannonade  from  the  Liverpool,  two  sloops  of  war, 
and  the  governor's  armed  ship  the  Dunmore,  second- 
ed by  parties  of  sailors  and  marines,  who  landed 
and  fired  the  houses  near  the  water.  Where  build- 
ings, instead  of  being  covered  with  tile,  slate,  or 
lead,  are  covered  with  shingles  ;  (thin  light  pieces  of 
fir  or  cedar,  half  a  yard  in  length,  -and  about  six  in- 
ches broad)  let  Che  wind  be  ever  so  mbdenate,  they 
will,  upon  being  fired,  foe  likely  to  communicate  the 
tsenflagration  io  a  distance,  should  the  weather  be 
dry,  by  the  burning  shingles  being  driven  by  the 
force  of  the  flames  to  the  tops  of  other  houses. 

Thus  the  whole  town  was  reduced  to  ashes,  that 
the  Americans  might  have  no  shelter,  should  they  be 
inclinefd  to  establish  a  post  on  the  spot.  A  few  mfen 
were  killed  and  wounded  at  the  burning  of  Norfolk, 
the  most  populous  and  considerable  town  for  com- 
merce of  any  in  lUlpnia.  It  contained  about  6000 
inhabitants, /and  maoy  in  aMuent  cjtcurastances.  The 
whole  loss  was  estimated  at  more  than  three  hun- 
dred  thousand    pounds  sterling.     However  urgent 

*■•.'"■■  ' 


•30IITH  tiMERICA.  W 

^e  necessity,  it  was  an  odious  f.ight  to  see  Lord 
Dumnore,  a  principal  actor  in  burning  and  destroy- 
ing the  best  town  in  his  government.  The  horrid 
tlistrces  brought  upon  numbers  of  innocent  persons, 
t>y  these  opperations,  must  wound  the  feelings  of  aB 
Who  are  not  hardened  by  a  party  spirit. 

c/  .While  matters  were  thus  transacting  in  America, 
41^  ministry  at  home  gare  into  great  expenses,  to 
iBupply  the  army  at  Boston  with  fresh  provisions  ami 
^Bth^r  articles.  Sir  Pet<er  Patker  and  Earl  Cornwall 
%,  wkh  the  Acteon  and  Thunder  Bomb  sailed  from 
Portsmouth  for  Cork,  to  convoy  the  troops  and 
transports  there  to  A-merioa;  imt,  owing  to  some 
<}elays,  the  fleet  <Jid  not  sail  before  the  13th  of  Fe*^. 
ruary.  It  consisted  of  forty-three  sail,  and  about 
2600  troops.    «!3t;' 


.if^f  Ai-  ''->!mc 


On  the  14th  of  March,  a  fresh  r' tempt  was  made 
In  the  house  of  loitls,  to  prevent  a  continuance  of 
hostilities,  which  so  far  succeeded,  that  in  the  May 
following,  letters  patefl^  h^  ^ia  majesty's  orders  pas* 
sedunda-  the  great^ssl,  «^^H(ing  l^d  Howe  and 
General  Howe,  to  be  bis  majesty's  commissioners  fof 
restoring  peace  to  the  colonies  in  North  Americiii 
and  for  granting  pardon  to  such  of  his  majesty's  sub* 


% 


M 


THE  HISTORY  OF 


jects  there,  then  in  rebellion,  as  should  deserve  ihe 
royal  mercy.  The  same  month  Commodore 
Hotham,  with  all  the  transports,  having  the  first, 
division  of  Hessians  on  board,  sailed  from  St.  He- 
len's for  North  America.  But  let  us  return  to  Cana- 
da, and  attend  to  what  was  going  forward  in  thai 
ter. 


The  blockade  of  Quebec  was  continued ;  but  the 
fears  of  the  Americans  were  great,  as  they  had  no 
more  than  400  men  to  do  duty,  while  there  were 
upwards  Qf  three  times  the  number  in  the  city ;  they 
wei^indaijly  expectation  that  the  besieged  would 
sally  out  upon  them.  At  length  a  small  reinforce- 
ment arrived,  which  enabled  them  to  take  a  little 
iaore  rest,  tliough  the  army  was  again  soon  reduced 
by  the  sraaH  pox  that  broke  out  among  theiiti. 

Towards  the  end  of  May,  several  regiments  arciv 
ed  froir  England,  and  the  British  forces  in  Candida 
were  estimated  at  about  13|0pp  men.  Tlie  rgeneral 
rendezvoys  was  appointed  to  be  at  Thrfte  Rivej-Sy 
half  way  between  Quebec  and  Montreal.  The 
Aniericans  now  formed  a  plan  to  surprize  the  British 
trobps,  and  for  that  purpose  marched  under  cover  of 
the  night,  on  tlie  8th  of  June,  injorder  to  atiack  t^i^ni 


VORTB  AMERICA. 


«# 


A  fittle  before  day-break.    General  Thompson,  Tr1i6 
commanded  in  ^is  expedition,  had  procured  a  Cana- 
dian guide,  who  was  either  ignorant  or  unfaiihful  ; 
for,  a  little  before  sunrise,  he  found  his  forces  were 
out  of  the  proper  road.     They  returned,  but  losing 
their  way  by  the  side  of  the  river,  they  were  soon 
in  view  of  some  of  the  enemy's  boats,  between 
which  and  the  flanking  party  several  balls  were  ex- 
chained.     They  then  quickciied  their  pace,  and 
continued  advancing  in  sight  of  the  shipping,  witti 
ibuniB  beating  and  fifes  playing,  as  they  knew  they 
Were  discovered.   The  General  judging  there  was  no 
possibility  of  passing  the  ships,  without  being  expos- 
ed ta  an  their  fire,  and  yet  determining  to  persist  In 
the  expedition,  filed  oflT  at  a  right  angle  from  the 
river.     He  meant  to  take  a  circuitous  route,  and 
enter  the  town  on  the  backside.     A  bad  morasst 
intervened,  the 'trbt|i8^  entered  It,  and  the  men  were 
Kimost  mired.     About  nine  o'clock  they  came  to  a 
cleared  spot,  formed,  and  got  into  some  order  about 
ten.    They  advanced,  but  before  the  rear  had  got  off 
the  place  of  formation,  the  front  received  a  heavy 
fire  from  the  enemy,  which  struck  them  with  terror. 
The  fire  was  instanty  repeated,  and  though  the  balls 


t^ 


Hi 


(oa 


THE  HISTORY  OJT 


flew  over  the  heads  of  tlie  troops  without  dorqi^^jiiij^ 
material  execution,  they  ga?«  way,  and  crowdeil^ 
back,  in  th^  ^,t"^^^  Qoofu^ion,  which  left  them  withr| 
out  a  leader,  so  that  every  one  did  as  he  please^.— r! 
They  turned  their  faces  up  the  river,  ^d  hostelled 
through  the  swamps  as  fast  as  possible.      About 
eleven  they  began  to  collect,  and  soon  learned  from 
the  Canadians,  that  the  enemy  had  sent  a  detach- 
ment, with  several  field  pieces  by  land,  to  cut  off^ 
their  retreat,  and  a  party  by  water  to  seize  their 
boats.     About  four  they  were  told  that  the  enemy 
had  secured  the  bridge  before   them,  which  it  was,, 
supposed  they  must  pass.     They  were  also  convinc- 
ed that  a  large  body  were  closely  in  their  rear. — 
^  il.  Maxwell  ordered  all  who  were  collected  togeth- 
^.  to  halt,  called  the  officers  to  him  and  said, "  What 
shall  we  do  ?  Shall  we  fight  those  in  the  IVont  or  in 
the  rear  ?  Shall  we  tamely  submit  1  or  shall  we  turn 
off  into  the  woods,  and  each  man  shift  for  himself  ?'' 
The  last  proposal  was  preferred,  but  the  enemy  was 
so  near,  tjiat  the  rear  of  the  Americans  was  exposed 
to  another  tremendous  fire,  while  going   down  the 
hill  into  (he   woods,  but  the  halls  flew  over  theiii 
witlw^t  injuring  any.    The  person,  who  was  intrusted 
with  tlie  care  of  the  boats,  had  removed  them  in 


NORTH  AMERICA.  lOi 

time  to  a  secure  place  ;  so  that  the  loss  of  the 
Americans  which  otherwise  must  have  been  much 
greater,  amounted  only  to  about  two  hundred  pris- 
oners. ,  "... 

The  troops  that  escaped  began  to  collect  about 
ten  the  next  day,  and  by  noon  were  considerably 
numerous.  They  got  along  by  degrees,  and  by 
sunset  the  day  following  arrived  opposite  Sorel.— 
Gen.  Thompson'  and  Colonel  Irwin,  the  second  in 
command,  with  some  Other  officers  were  laken  — 
The  killed  and  wounded  of  the  king's  tsoops  were 
trifling.  *<^ 

The  king's  forces  having  joined  at  Three  Rivers, 
proceeded  by  land  and  water  to  Sorel,  off  which  the 
fleet  arrived  in  the  evening,  a  few  hours  after  the 
rear  of  the  Americans  had  left  it.  A  considerable 
body  was  landed  and  the  command  given  to  General 
Burgoyne,  with  instructions  to  pursue  the  continental 
army  up  the  river  to  St.  John's,  but  without  hazard*- 
ing  any  thing  till  another  coliimii  on  his  right  shoiritt 
be  able  to  co  operate  with  him; — Sir  Guy  Carleton's 
e:&traordinary  precaution  to  put  nothing  to  hazard, 
when  not  absolutely  necessary,  gave  the  Amerieans 
the  opportunity  of  escaping.    Had  Burgoyne  bcea 

la 


#■ 


''f'j 


I     ^'-jsdatunu^-i 


rm 


THE  HISTORY  OF 


iostructed  (o  press  on  with  the  utmost  expc(litioii» 
great  numbers  of  the  provincials  must  have  been 
made  prisoners,  and  but  few  would  have  crossed 
T^ke  Champlain.  Thus  ended  the  expedition 
against  Quebec.  ^*rf    Jur*    fttiij 

To  return  to  Boston.  The  British  Commodore, 
Banks,  omitting  to  leave  cruisers  in  the  bay,  afforded 
ah  opportunity  to  the  American  privateers  of  taking 
a  number  of  Highlanders.  Three  days  after  his  qnit^ 
ting  it,  the  George  and  Annabella  transports  entered, 
after  a  passage  of  seven  weeks  from  Scotland,  dur- 
ing the  course  of  w  hich  they  had  not  an  opportunity 
of  speaking  with  a  single  vessel  that  could  give  them 
the  smallest  information  of  the  British  troops  having 
evacuated  Boston.  They  were  attacked  in  the  mor- 
ning by  four  privateers,  with  whom  they  engaged  tilf  the- 
eveninj];,  when  the  privateers  bore  away,  and  the  trans- 
ports pushed  for  Boston  harbor,  not  doubting  but  they 
should  there  receive  protection,  either  from  a  Fort  or 
ship  of  force  stationed  for  the  security  of  British  ves- 
sels. They  stood  up.  for  Nantasket  road,  when  an 
American  battery  opened  apon  them,  which  wias  the 
first  serious  proof  they  had  of  the  situation  of  affairs 
at  the  port  to  which  they  were  destined.    The}ti|«£^ 


i» 


^v^II 


^« 


~^w~  n*"  -7^ 


(WSf^Vr*  ^ 


NORTH  AMERICiL 


l«S 


too  Cir  embayed  to  retreat,  as  the  wiimI  had  cKed 
away,  ami  'be  tide  was  half  expended.  The  privateers 
with  which  they  had  been  ek:gaged,  joined  by  two 
othersv  made  towards  them.  They  prepared  for  a^ 
tion ;  but,  by  some  misfortune  the  Annabella  got 
aground  so  far  astern  of  the  George,  that  the  latter 
expected  but  a  feeble  support  from  her  musketry. 
About  eleTen  at  night,  the  prrvi>ieers  anchored  close 
byp  and  hailed  them  to  strike  the  British  flag.  Tb^ 
mate  of  the  Cteorge,  and  every  sailor  or  board,  the 
Captain  excepted,  refused  to  fight  any  longer ;  but 
the  papers  and  privates  of  the  7 1st  regiment  stppd  ta 
their  quarters  till  all  their  ammuniton  was  expended^ 
^hen  they  were  forced  to  yield.     They  had   eight 

privates  and  a  major  killed  besides  17  wounded.  Tb& 

*  ■   .  -i  -,♦*.■  •'      .  ♦  > 

number  of  Highlanders  taken  were  2&7  privates,  48 
officers  besides  Lieut.  Col.  Campbell. 

On  the  25th  of  June,  General  Howe  arrived  at 
Sandy  Hook  in  the  Greyhound  frigat<'  He  soon  re- 
ceived from  Governor  Tryon  a  full  account  of  the 
state  and  disposition  of  tlie  province,  as  well  as  of  the 
strength  of  the  Americans.  General  Washington'^ 
aimy  was  small,  rather  below  90i0  fit  for  duty.  Of 
this  little  army  it  was  said  at  least  2000  were  whoUj^ 


■A 


1  1 


■ft:^ 


wmmmmm 


liiipp 


1«4 


THE  HISTORY  t)F 


destitute  or  arms,  and  nearly  as  luany  with  arms  ifi 
^such  a  condition  as  to  be  rather  calculated  to  discour* 
age  than  animate  the  user.  On  the  2d  of  July,  Gen* 
eral  Howe's  troops  took  possession  of  Stateoy 
Island. 


•«  •  ^m 


Onthelstrof  July,  Congress  resolved  itseff  into  fli 
Committee  of  the  whole,  upon  the  subject  of  Inde- 
pendence; but  neither  colonies  nor  members  being 
unanimous,  it  was  postponed  tiU  the  next  day.  On 
the  4th,  they  had  it  under  further  consideration, 
when  the  Declaration  of  Independence  was' 
to  and  adopted. — The  title  of  it  was, 


i^~ 


H 


■4: 


**  A  Declahatton  by  the   Representativj^s  bi 
THii  United  States  of  America,  im  CoNGREtia, 


ASbEMBLED. 


» 


-.#■ 


The  preamble  follows  in  these  wor<|s : — "  When  in 
the  course  of  human  eyents,  it  becomes  necessary 
£or  one  people  to  dissolve  the  political  bands  which 
bare  connecited  ^beni  with  another,  and  to  assume, 
among  the  powers  of  the  earth,  the  separate  and 
equal  station,  to  which  the  laws  of  nature  and  of  na- 
ture's God  entitle  them,  a  decent  respect  to  the 
opinions  of  mankind  requires  that  tbey  shoultf  de- 


# 


NORTH  AMERICA;  Wi^ 

dare  tbe  causes  which  imp^  1  them  to  (he  separa^ 
tion* 

**  We  hoTd  these  truths  to  be  self-erident,  that  alf 
men  are  created  equal — ^that  they  are  endowed  by* 
their  Creator  with  certain  unalienable  rights,  that 
among  tfaei!/^  are  life,  Uberty,  and  tbe  pui^uit  of  hap- 
pinessw — That  to  secure  these  rights,  governments 
are  instituted  among  men,  deriving  their  just  powers, 
from  the  consent  of  the  governed — that  whenever 
any  form  of  government  becomes  destructive  of 
these  ends,  it  is  the  right  of  the  people  to  alter  or 
abolish  it,  and  to  institute  a  new  government,  laying 
its  foundation  on  such  principles,  and  org&nizicg  ii»< 
pipwers  in  such  form,  as  to  them  shall  seem   most 
likely  to  effect  their  safety  and  happiness.     Prudence,, 
indeed,  will  dictate,  that  governments  long  establish- 
ed, should  not  be  changed  for  light  and  transient 
causes ;  and  accordingly  all  experience  hath  shown, 
that  mankind  are  more  dispost d  to  suffer,  while  evils 
are  suflerable,  than  to  right  themselves  by  abolish* 
ing  tbe  forms  to  which  they  are  accustomed.    But 
when  a  long  train  of  ^uses  and  usurpations,  pursuing 
invariably  i^je  same  object,  evinces  a  design  to  re- 
duce them  under  absolute  despotism,  it  is  their  righ%^ 
it  iis^^  their  dc/ty,  to- throw  off  ^acb  goverDment,  Midt# 


• 


iiii..<!'^ir,''t^«:Mn 


10& 


THE  HlfifTORT  or 


0m 


provide  new  guards  for  their  future  seeurity. 
8u(^  has  been  the  patient  sufferance  of  these  oolo- 
^es,  and  such  is  now  the  necessitjr  which  ccyo- 
•trains  them  to  alter  their  former  systems  of  govenn- 
ment." 


The  Declaration  proceeds  to  give  a  biliary  of  re- 
peated  injuries  and  usurpatioi^  aA  Having  in  di^rect 
object  the  establishment  of  an  absolute  tyranny  over 
fliese  states.  .  • 

On  the  8th  of  July,  at  12  o'clock^  the  Deelaratiqi^ 
(kf  Independence  was  proclaimed  at  the  Statii-JSou^ 
in  Pliiladeiphia,  amidst  the  greatest  acclama^oimi.--- 
The  next  day,  in  consequence  of  genend  orders,  it 
Was  read  at  the  head  of  each  brigade  of  the  contiucn- 
fiil  army  at  New-York,  and  every  where  received 
.with  loud  huziEafi,  and  the  utmost  demonstrations  of 
joy.  The  same  evening  the  e^estnan  statute  of 
the  king  was  hiid  prostrate  on  ttie  ground,  and'  the 
lead,  of  which  it  was  made,  was  doomed  lo  be  run  !&- 
to  bullets. 

On  the  14th  q^  August,  lord  Dunmore  quitted  Vir- 
ginia, and  joined  the  British  forces.  lie  arrived 
with  lord  Campbell,  and  sir  Peter  Parker,  off  Staten 
Inland,    His  lordship  continued  on  the  ocastB,  and 


■■'  / 


«fORTH  AMERICA. 


107 


in  tlie  rivers  of  Virginia,  till  the  cloaeness  and  filth 
of  the  small  vessels,  in  which  the  fugitiTes  were 
crowded,  together  with  the  heat  of  the  weather,  the 
badness,  and  scarcity  of  provisions,  produced  a  pesti- 
lential fever,  which  made  great  havoc,  especially 
among  the  negroes,  many  of  whom  were  swept 
away.  When  at  length  every  place  was  shut  against 
tiim,  and  neither  water  nor  provisions  were  to  be  o\h 
tained,  but  at  >  the  expense  of  blood,  it  was  found  ne- 
cessary to  burn  several  of  the  smaller  and  least  valua- 
ble vessels,  to  prevent  their  falling  into  thtt  hands  of 
^e  Americans,  and  to  send  the  remainder  with  the 
exiled  friends  of  the  British  government,  to  seek 
itieffer  in  Florida,  Bermuda,  and  the  West-Indies. 

\  Lord  Howe  arrived  off  Halifax  tolvards  the  end  of 
June,  and  from  thence  proceeded  to  New-York,  and 
reached  Staten  Island  by  the  12th  of  July.  From 
^hence  he  sent  on  shore  by  a  flag  to  Amboy,  a  eircu- 
larietter,  together  with  a  declaration  to  several  df 
the  late  governors  of  the  colonies,  acquainting  them 
with  his  powers,  and  desiring  them  to  -publish  the 
same  as  generally  as  possible,  for  the  information  of  - 
the  people.  But  it  was*  now  too  late  to  bring 
Ihem  back  to  the  oljediedce  of  the  mother  country. 


'  4m 


,IJil^|Pl|l;J,^!|!l|^PPi^P^llJI,ffk«l*:*IW*PJ|IWiP^i^ 


im 


THE  HISTORY  W 


4' 


•ince  the  Declaration  of  Independence  had  Been 
^very  where  solemnly  read. 

In  the  month  of  August,  Genersil  Howe  finding 
liimself  sufficiently  strong  to  attempt  something,  re- 
solved on  making  a  decent  on  Long- Island.  The 
?iieces8ary  measures  being  taken  by  the  fleet  for  cov- 
ering the  descent,  the  army  was  landed  without  op- 
position, between  two  small  towns,  0tretcht  and 
*Gravesend,  not  far  from  the  narrows,  on  the  nearest 

-shore  to  Staten-Island. 

*■■■        • 
On  this  Island   are  several  passes  through  the 

mountains,  or  hills,  which  are  easily  defensible,  be- 
ing very  narrow,  and  the  lands  high  and  mountain- 
ous on  each  side.  These  were  the  only  roads  tliat 
«ouId  be  passed  from  the  south  side  of  the  hills  to 
the  American  lines,  except  a  road  leading  round  the 
eastern  end  of  the  hills  to  Jamaica.  An  early  atten- 
tion had  been  given  to  the  importance  of  these  passesk 
To  the  second  of  them  the  small  American  parties, 
-patrolling  on  the  coasts,  retired  upon  the  approach 
-of  the  British  boats  with  the  troops.  Lord  Comwallis 
pushed  on  immediately  with  the  reserve  and  some 
other  forcofi;  but  finding  the  Americans  in  posses^ 


NORTH  AIVIERICA. 


1T)9 


^lon  of  the  pass,  in  compliance  with  orders  Tie  risked 
DO  attack. 

The  Americans  had  on  each  of  the  three  passes 
or  roads,  a  guard  of  800  men ;  and  to  the  east  of 
them  m  the  wood,  Colonel  Miles  was  placed  with  his 
battallion  to  guard  the  road  from  the  south  of  the 
bills  to  Jamaica,  and  to  vfsXch  the  motion  of  the 
enemy  on  that  side,  with  orders  to  keep  a  party  con- 
stantly reconnoiteriog  to  and  across  the  Jamaica 
road.  The  sentinels  were  so  placed  sa^o  keep  a 
continual  communication  between  the  three  guards 
on  the  three  roads.  * 

On  the  26fh  of  August,  General  Howe,  having 
fully  settled  the  plan  of  surprise.  General  de  Heister 
wiih  I  lis  Hessians  took  post  at  Flatbush  in  the  eve- 
ning, and  composed  the  centre.  About  nine  o'clock 
the  same  night,  the  pricipal  army,  containing  much 
the  greater  part  of  the  British  forces,  under  the  com- 
mand  of  General  Clinton,  £arl  Piercy,  and  lord 
ComwaHis,  marched  in  order  to  gain  the  road  lead- 
ing round  the  easterly  end  of  the  hills  to  Jamaica, 
*-i  so  to  turn  the  left  of  the  Americans.  Colonel 
Miles,  whose  duty  it  was  to  guard  this  road,  suffered 
the  British  to  march  not  less  that  six  miles,  till  the^ 


110 


THE  HISTORY  OF 


were  near  two  miles  in  the  rear  of  the  guards, 
before  he  discovered  and  gave  notice  of  their  ap- 
proach. 

The  next  day,  before  day-break,  General  Clinton 
arrived  within  half  a  mile  of  the  road,  when  he  halt- 
ed, and  settled  his  disposition  for  attack.  One  of 
his  patrols  fell  in  with  a  patrol  of  American  officers, 
on  horseback,  who  were  trepanned  and  made  pri- 
soners. General  Sullivan,  though  in  expectation  that 
they  would  brlioig  him  intelligence,  neglected  sending 
out  a  fresh  patrol  on  finding  -limself  disappointed. 
Clinton,  learning  from  the  captured  officers,  that  the 
Americans  had  not  occupied  the  road,  detached  a 
battallion  of  light  infantry  to  secure  it,  and  advan- 
cing with  his  troops  upon  the  first  appearance  of  day, 
possessed  himself  of  the  heights  that  commanded 
the  road. 

About  midnight,  the  guard,  consisting  all  of  New^ 
Yorkers  and  Pennsylvanians,  perceiving  there  was 
danger  at  band,  fled  without  firing  a  gun,  and  carried 
to  Geneal  Parsons,  who  commanded  them,  the  ac- 
count of  the  enemy's  advancing  in  great  numbers  by 
tliat  road..  Gen.  Grant's  movements  were  to  divert 
tlie  attention  of  the  Americans  from  the  left,  where 


■■:>>f^amim^-'''''''''^immm>>^i- 


FfORTtt  AMERICA. 


Ill 


^:: 


the  main  attack  was  to  be  made  by  GeDeral  Clinton. 
By  day  light,  CTeneral  Parsons  perceived,  that  the 
British  were  got  through  the  wood,  and  were  (le- 
scending  on  the  north  side.^-He  took  twenty  of  his 
fugitiTe  guard,  being  all  he  could  collect,  and  post* 
ed  thera  on  a  height  in  front  of  the  British, 
about  half  a  mile  distant,  which  halted  their  column, 
and  gave  time  for  lord  Stirling  to  come  up  with  hi9 
forces,  amoantiDg  to  about  1606;  who  possessed 
himself  of  a  hill  libout  two  miles  from  (be  camp. 

The  engagement  began  soon  oiler  day-breatc,  by 
the  Hessians  from  Flatbush  under  General  Heisfer, 
and  by  General  Grant  on  the  coast ;  and  a  warinr 
cannonade,  with  a  brisk  lire  of  smalt  arms,  were 
eagerly  supported  on  both  sides  for  a  considerable 
time.  The  Americans  opposing  General  Heister 
were  the  first  who  were  apprised  of  the  mardi  of 
the  British  troops  under  General  Clinton.  They 
accordingly  retreated  in  large  bodies,  and  in  tolera- 
ble order,  to  recover  their  camp ;  but  they  were  socni 
interrupted  by  the  right  wing  under  General  Clinton, 
who,  having  halted  and  refreshed  his  forces  after  pas- 
sing the  heights,  continued  his  march,  and  getting 
into  the  rear  of  the  left  of  the  Americans,  about 
half  past  eight  o'clock,  attacked  them  witb  his  light 


'm^^^ 


ji^4'^{M^to|t»--.t-iLitaittjj-aMJfaji 


^■/^l^'W^''^*^^ 


"  J '  ^  WP*,^^)'  Jf  '^1  >" 


112 


THE  HISTORY  OP 


infantry  and  light  dragoons,  while  quitting  the  heights 
to  return  to  their  lines.  They  were  driven  back, 
and  again  met  the  Hessians,  and  thus  were  they  al- 
ternately chased  and  intercepted.  In  these  desper- 
ate circumstances,  some  of  their  regiments,  over- 
powered and  outnumbered  as  they  were,  forced  their 
way  to  the  camps  through  all  the  dangers  with  which 
Ihey  were  pressed. 

The  Amei'icans  under  lord  Stirling,  who  were  en- 
gaged with  General  Grant,  behaved  with  great  brave- 
ry and  resolution ;  but  were  so  late  in  their  know- 
ledge of  what  passed  elsewhere,  that  their  retreat  was 
intercepted  by  some  of  the  British  troops,  who  be- 
sides turning  the  hills  and  the  American  left,  had 
traversed  the  whole  extent  of  country  in  their  rear. 
Several  broke  through  the  enemy's  lines  and  got 
into  the  woods.  General  Parsons,  with  a  small 
party,  escaped  by  doing  the  same  ;  numbers  threw 
themselves  into  the  marsh  at  Gorvan's  cove,  some 
were  drowned,  and  others  perished  in  the  mud. 
However  a  considerable  body  escaped  to  the  lines. 
The  nature  of  the  country  and  the  variety  of  the 
ground)  occasioned  a  cpntinuance  and  extension  of 
small  engagements,  pursuits,  and  slaughter,  whleh  last- 
ed for  many  hours  before  the  scene  closed. 


*m 


NORTH  AMERICA. 


113 


The  BriHsh  troops  displayed  great  Talor  aiid  ac- 
thrity  oh'  this  occasion.  So  impettibus  was  their 
ah]or,  that  it  wias  with  dimciitty  they  could  be  je- 
igtrained,  by  General  Hope's  otders,  from  attacking' 
the  Amerit*an  lines.  They  wiDiild  probably  have 
Entered  th^m,  had  not  the  works  been  completed 
th^  liight  befote  the  action,  hf  closing  an  opening  on 
the  right,  aiid  placing  afi  abbattis  before  it.  The 
Americans  were  mbst  completely  surprised  and 
eflTectually  entrapped.  Colonel  Smallwood^s  Mary* 
IkUd  refgini^h't  sufiTered  extremely,  and  was  almost 
cut  to  pices,  losing  259  men.  The  loss  was  much 
regretted,  on  account  of  their  being  young  men 
of  the  best  families  in  the  country.  All  who 
were  engaged  in  the  actions  of  this  day  did  not 
display  the  same  courage^  nor  wa^  it  to  bV  ex- 
peoted  from  such  raw  troops.  Many  escaped  from 
the  want  of  discipline;  for  they  broke  at  the  sight  of 
danger  and  saved  themselves  b^  f^^,  wheVeas  oth^ 
erwisfe  they  musthkv^  been  killed  oir  taken. — ^Large' 
bodies  however  were  captured.  General  Sulli* 
van,  lord  Stirling,  and  Getifal  IJdell,'  besides 
three  Colonels,  thr^e  Majors,  eighteen  captains,  for- 
ty three    lieutenants,    eleven  ensigns,  an  adjutant, 

three  surgeons,  and  iwo  volunteers,  were  made  pris- 

K  2 


0 


114i 


THE  HISTORY  OP 


oners,  together  with  1006  priyates ;  in  all  1097. 
As  among  the  prisoners  the  wounded  were  included, 
an  allowance  of  between  (bur  and  five  hundred  for 
killed,  drowned,  perished  in  the  woods,  the  mud  and 
the  like,  may  be  reckoned  about  the  mark. — ^The 
loss  of  the  British,  in  killed  and  wounded,  did  not 
exceed  three  hundred  and  eighteen,  of  whom  only 
sixty-one  were  killed.  After  the  battle,  the  Ameri- 
cans retreated  to  New- York,  to  which  place  they 
crossed  over  under  favor  of  a  fog,  taking  with  thenv 
all  their  military  stores,  and  leaving  nothing  behind* 
ihem  but  a  few  pieces  of  cannon  and  ^some  trifling 
matters. 


Memorable  Events  Recorded-  in  this  Chapter, 

General  Howe  evacuates  Boston,      -      A.  D.  177& 
Norfolk  in  Virginia  burnt,        -        -,      -  do. 

8ir  Peter  Parker  and  Earl  Cornwallis  sail  for  . 

America,        -        -  .    ,   "  ,       "  ,       -         dp. 
The  blockade  of  Quebec  continued  -         do» 

The  Americans  raise  ihe  blockade,  and.  retreat^  do. 


NORTH  AMERICA.  11^ 

A  number  of  Highlanders  taken  in  Boston     ^ 
Bay,        -        -        -       -         -         -      HTft 

Declaration  of  American  Independence!      -     do. 

Gen.  Howe  lands  the  royal  army  on  Long-Isl- 
and, and  drives  the  Americans  off  it,       -    dow 


V 


!.   v.v:    "■ 


mmmmm 


l^^^fi^^^r^- 


ir» 


TtfB  Bft^Olff  (W 


CHAPTER  VI. 


u 


»^s. 


After  the  affair  of  Long-Island,  endeavors 
were  used  by  the  Americans  to  keep  up  the  spiri^ 
of  the  people,  by  puffing  accounts  of  the  extraordi- 
nary bravery  of  their  troops,  and  the  destruction  they' 
made  of  the  enemy.     But   tliat   matters   were  not 
rery  promising,  appears   from  a  letter  of  General 
Mercer,  who  commanded  the  flying  camp,  dated 
September  4th,  wherein  be  writes  :   *<  Gen.  Wash- 
ington has  not,  so  far  as  I  hbve  seen,'  five  thousand 
men  to  be  depended  on,  for  the  service  of  a  cam- 
paign y   and  I  have  net  one  thcgusand.     Both  our 
armies  are  composed  of  raw  militia,  perpetually 
fluctuating  between  the  camp  and  their  farms,  poorly 
armed,  and  still  worse  disciplined.    These  are  not^ 
a  match  for,  were  their  numbers  equal  to,  veteran 
troops,  well  fitted,  and  urged   on   by  able  officers. 
Numbers  and  discipline  must  at  last  prevail.    Giv- 


^1 


■t  . 


NORTH  AMERICA. 


nr 


Mig  soldiers,  or  even  the  lower  orders  of  mankind^ 
the  choice  of  officers,  will  for  ever  mar  the  discV* 
pline  of  armies/* 

Oen.  Howe,  having  fully  prepared  for  a  descent 

on  New- York  Island,  embarked  a  strong  division  of 
the  army,  under  the  command  of  General  Clinton, 
and  others,  in  boats  at  the  head  of  Newtown  inlet, 
and  at  another  place  higher  up,  where  they  could  not 
be  observed  by  the  Americans  who  expected  the 
attack  would  be  made  on  the  side^next  the  East  river, 
and  had  therefore  thrown  up  lines  and  works  to  de« 
fend  themselves. 

On  the  15th  of  September,  about  eleven  o'clock^ 
General  Howe's  troops  landed,  under  the  cover  of 
JBve  ships  of  war,  in  two  divisions,  the  Hessians  in 
one  place,  and  the  British  in  another.  As  soon  as 
General  Washington  heard  the  firing  of  the  men  of 
war  he  rode  with  all  dispatch  towards  the  lines ;  but 
to  his  great  mortification,  found  the  troops  posted  io 
^lem  retreating  with  the  utmost  precipitation — and 
those  ordered  to  support  them,  Parson's  and  Fel' 
low's  brigade,  flying  in  every  direction,  and  in  the 
greatest  confusion.    His  attempts  tp  stop  them  were 


"1^ 


LiA.iAfc.^.a.jiJ^j^,^^-]i'A%(p():i3ij-"a 


fcijMiiii.vsiiSiii^ 


■•'ir:*rT'j-'«lS^(6!'" 


jaJli&Ma^k'ulE^ 


*'-';ff.-%m^P" 


fit  '  tlffim^TORt  Ot 

fniiitefifr,  though  he  drew  his  sword,  threatened  t6  rtm 
them  through,  tod  cocked  and  snapped  his  pistols. 

On  the  appearance  of  a  small  party  of  the  enemy,, 
not  IftOrfe  than  sixty  or  seventy,  their  dii^order  was^ 
encreased,  and  (hey  ran  off  without  finng  a  single 
shot,  leaving  the  General  in  a  hazardous  situation, 
^o  that  his  attendants  to  extricate  him  oiit  of  it,^ 
caught  the  bridle  of  his  horse,  and  gave  him  &  dilSer* 
^&t  direction. 

Three  large  shi|  s  were  stationed  in  the  North 
river,  opposite  to  those  on  the  East  river,  and  both 
kept  up  a  constant  cannonading  with  grape  shot,  and 
flmgrage,  quite  across  the  idlaAd.  The  llesi^ians, 
upon  th^ir  landing,  seized  lind  sectirr<§d,  in  81  neigh- 
boring building,  as  enemies,  some  persotis  who  had 
beej|y)Iaced  there  to  &erve  as  guides,  ^hich  for  i 
white,  subjected  them  to  a  difficulty. 

When  the  regulars  were  completely  landed,  they 
advanced  towards  the  Kingsbridge  road.  The 
American  brigatles,  which  had  fled  on  the  enemy's 
approaching  the  lii»-)8,  did  not  stop  until  they  were 
met  by  Colonel  Glover's  and  five  other  brigades, 
who  were  hastening  down  to  them.  As  soon  as 
they  Joined,  the  whole  marched  forward^  and  took 


t!g.„  -.. 


r-r 


NORTH  AMEI^ICA.  tm 

^ost  on  some  heights,  when  suddenly  eig^t  thousand^^ 
of  the  enemy  appeared  on  the  next  height,  and  halt- 
ed, general  Washington  at  first  consented  that  his 
troops  should  give  them  battle;  but,  onasecondcoQr. 
eideration,  J^e  gave  countre  orders,  as  he  could  not 
have  any '  dependence  on  the  militia  and  the  flying 
camp,  which  composed  half  the  number  then  pres- 
ent. When  the  Americans  retired  and  no  prospect 
of  an  action  remained,  the  English  took  possession  of 
New-York. 

€leneral  Washington,  while  moving  the  army  from 
New- York  Into  the  country,  was  cureful  to  march 
and  form  the  troops  so  as  to  make  a  front  towards 
the  enemy,  from  East-Chester  almost  to  White 
Plains,  on  the  east  side  of  the  highway,  thereby  to 
secure  the  march  of  those  who  were  behind  on  their 
right,  and  to  defend  ttie  removal  of  the  sick,  cannon, 
and  other  matters  of  consequence ;  but  the  want  of 
many  necessary  articles,  considerably  retarded  their 
march. 

Githe  25(11  of  October,  the  royal  army  moved 
in  two  columns,  and  took  a  position  they  thought  the 
most  edvantageous.  On  the  28th  an  action  took 
jjlace  between  the  contending  forces,  at  White  Plains, 


'H 


%. 


^0 


THE  HISTORY  OP 


Sft'i 

i 


Und  though  not  a  general  engagement,  both  parties        | 
met  with  considerable  loes.    The  Americans   sus- 
tained the  various  attacks  made  on  their  lines  with        ^^''* 
becoming  firmness. 

On  the  last  day  of  October,  ^neral  Howe,  being 
joined  by  the  troops  from  Lord  Piercy,  made  dispo- 
sitions for  attacking  the  American  lines  early  the  next 
morning ;  but  an  extreme  wet  night  and  morning  pre- 
"Vented  the  execution  at  the  time  appointed,  and  it 
was  not  attempted  afterwards,  though  the  day  proved 
iair.  Gen.  Washington  gained  intelligence  of  his 
danger  from  a  deserter,  when  he  drew  off  most  of  his 
troops  at  night,  totally  evacuated  his  camp  early  in 
the  morning  of  the  first  of  T^Tovemb^r,  and  took  high- 
er ground  towards  the  North  Castle  district ;  leaving 
a  strong  rear  guard  on  the  heights  and  in  the  woods 
of  White  Plains.  Orders  were  given  by  Gen.  Howe 
to  attack  this  corps ;  but  the  execution  of  it  was  pre- 
vented by  a  violent  rain. 

Though  the  affair  at  White  Plains  made  so  much 
■noise  at  the  time  in  Which  it  happened,  the  Ameri- 
cans soon  ^fter  retreated,  leaving  the  English  ia 
possession  of  New- York  and  the  Jerseys.  Gen.  Lee 
was  talken  prisoner,  and  carried  to  New-York.  j^ 


Wj^kjn 


NORTH  AMERICA. 


121 


'December  26tb,  Gen.  Washington  made  a  descent 
on  Jersey,  and  at  Trenton,  suprised  and  took  prison- 
ers twenty  tliree  Hessian  officers,  and  eight  hundred 
and  eighty  six  .men.     In  tlie  evening  he  repassed  the 

* 

pelaware  with  his  jirisoners. 

From  this  period  to  the  mont^  of  June,  1777, 
nothing  passed  Jn  Tersey  hut  one  continued  scene  of 
blood  and  slaughter  among  detached  parties,  without 
any  decisive  advantages  being  gained  by  either  side. 
On  the  30th  of  June,  at  ten  o'clock  in  the  morning, 
the  English  began  to  cross  over  to  Staten-Island,  and 
the  rear  guard  passed  at  two  in  the  afternoon,  with' 
eut  the  least  appearance  of  an  enemy.  Thus  they 
evacuated  the  Jerseys,  to  enter  upon  new  conquests, 
in  hopes  of  reducing  the  United  States  to  uncondi- 
tional submission. 

Let  us  now  turn  to  the  British  operations  in  the 
North,  which  were  taken  out  of  the  hands  of  Sir 
Guy  Carieton,  and  committed  to  tlie  charge  of  Gen, 
Biirgoyne.  The  forces  allotted  to  them,  consisting 
of  British  and  German  troops,  amounted  to  more 
than  7000  men,  exclusive  of  the  artillery  corps.  A 
powerful  train  of  brass  artillery  was  furnished,  prob- 
}p  the  (inest,  and  the  most  excellently  supplied,  as 


ff 


Jllppiilpliliiipp 


1122 


THE  HISTORY  OP 


v^l 


to  officers  and  private  men,  that  had  ever  been  des- 
tined to  second  the  operations  of  an  army  not  ex- 
ceeding the  present  number.  The  army  was,  in 
every  respect,  in  the  best  condition;  ^e  troops  were 
in  the  highest  spirits ;  admirably  disciplikied,  and  un- 
eommonly  faealtl^. 

The  main  body  under "Oen.Burgoyne,  proceeded] 
up  lake  Champlain,  landed  and  encamped  at  no 
great  distance  from  Crown- Point,  where  he  met  the 
Indians  in  Congress,  'and  afterwards,  in  compliance 
^th  their  customs,  gave  them  a  war  feast.    He  made 
a  speach  to  them,  calculated  to  excite  their  ardor  io 
the  common  cause,  and  at  the  same  time  to  repress 
their  barbarity.    He  conjured  them  to  kill  those 
only  who  opposed  them  in  arms ;  that  old  men,  wo- 
men, children,  and  prisoners,  should  be  held  sacred 
from  the  knife,  or  hatchet,  even  in  the  heat  of  actual 
conflict :  that  they  should  scalp  those  only  whom 
they  had  slain  in  fair  opposition  ;  but  that  under  no 
pretence  should  they  scalp  the  wounded,  or  even  dy- 
ing, much  less  kill  persons  in  that  condition  :  they 
were  promised  a  compensation  for  prisoners,  but 
informed  that  they  should  be  called  to  account  for 
acalps. 


lisititmtmmxmiiiimimiiM 


'MiiA^M^^- •''--'^  '■'-■  ^  'dM^j^ii 


«»?J((!*sn>T- ;,-"»>?««■■■ 


'  '•'•  ^'gfjr.'-^T'^'^y^''-' 


NORTH  AMERICA. 


129f 


On  the  near  approach  of  the  right  wingnof  the 
royal  army  on  the  Ticonderoga  side,  the  Americans 
abandoned  their  works  towards  Lake  George,  and 
left  Gen.  Phillips  to  possess  the  advantageous  post 
[[of  Mount  Hope,  without  making  way  resistance, 
which  would  have  been  ineffectual,  and  could  hare 
answered  m  good  purpose.  That  apparent  supine- 
ness  and  want  of  vigor,  with  which  they  were  charge- 
able,  was  not  occasioned  by  cowardice,  but  actual 
imbecitity. 

Gen.  Burgoyne^s  troop9  proceeded  with  murh 
expedition,  in  the  construetion  of  their  works,  the 
bringing  up  of  artillery,  stores,  and  provisions  ;  but 
what  gave  the  greatest  alarm,  was,  the  rapid  progress 
they  made  in  clearing  a  road,  and  getting  artillery  on 
Sugar- Hill.  When  once  thejfhad  ereeted  a  battery 
on  this  height,  only  a  few  hours  more  would  have 
been  required  to  have  invested  the  Americans  ou  all 
sid^ 

Gen.  St.  Clair  having  received  iRlelligence  by 
spies,  that  in  twenty-four  hours  the  investure  would 
be  completed,  when  he  should  be  cut  off  from  all 
possibility  of  succor.  Gen.  Schuyler,  not  having 
force  sufficient  at  Pert  Edward  to  relieve  him,  he 


■«fl 


i* 


'2*  ,  THE  HrSTORr  bp- 

<IelenBiaed  to  evacimfo  m.    ■   . 

it  would  produce     t       "'  ''  *''"''  ''  '"^^  '"* 
P'-oduce  such  astonishment  as  had  nm  u 

Pened  since   the  comm.„  '^'P' 

fne  commencement  of  the  war     H^ 

aba„d„         r  '"  "--"aracter;  whereas,  by 

lose  ;rV'^  p,aee,  he  shouru  save  .he  ar.,  a„J 

At    two    o'clock    in     iU^ 

Gen    fi,   n,  ""'"'tag  of  Jury  the  6th. 

«oui;hr;einr/^'"'''^^'^"-*^-°^'''^ 
-%'.'e-euhyu.soth^^i!:;:;tr"'^- 

timifv  ^f      .  *^nemy  had  an  oppor- 

lunity  of  seemg  every  thina-  #hof  ^ 

to  push  off  in  a  disorderly  manner.  ™ 

In  the  morning,  Gen.  Frazer,  pereeivin.  ,1. 

"»«on,  and  that  the  Am.nV.     '^""'^'"S  "'^  "««=■ 

»"c  Americans  werp  rpHi.:»» 

•nenced  a  pursuit  with  his  h  •  ^  7  ^'  *'""" 


}% 


i# 


...  .  i.  -.    ■■■ '' •.||-Wf^ii^fYiYi|,^|a| 


NORTH  ^MSRIGA.  '   |2(f 

support  Frazer,  or  to  <^ct  separately.    The  latter  oon- 
tinuedi  the  purauit  througli  tke  daj,  and  receiTiog  Intel* 
ISgenoe,  that  St  Claims  rear  was  at  no  great  distance, 
lie  ordered  his  troops  to  lie  that  night  on  thel"  arn&s. 
In  the  morning  he  came  up  with  the  AmericanS| 
(Commanded  by  Col.  Warner,  who  had,  besides  his 
own,  the  regiments  of  Colonels  Francis  and  Hale. 
The  British  advanced  boldly,  and  the  two  bodies 
formed  within  about  60  yards  of  each  other.    Frazer 
began  the  attack  about  7  o'clock,  expecting  every  mo- 
ment to  be  joined  by  Reidesel,  and  apprehending^ 
that  if  he  delayed,  the  enemy  would  escape..    Hale 
being  apprised  of  the  dalnger  never  brought  his  re^- 
ment  to  the  charge,  but  fled  ;  so  that  Warner  could 
bring  into  action  no  more  than  about  700  men.    The 
conflict  was  bloody ;  Francis  fell  fighting  with  great 
bravery,  and  Warner,  his  oflicers  aUtTsoldiers,  behav- 
ed with  much  resolution  and  gallantry ;  so  that  the 
British  broke  and  gave  way,  but  soon  formed  again, 
and  running  on  the  Americans  with  their  bayonets, 
the  latter  were  put  into  no  small  confusion,  which 
was  increased  by  the  critical  arrival  of  Gen.  Reidesel 
with  the  foremost  of  his  column,  consisting  of  the 
chasseur  company,  and  eighty  grenadiers  and  light 

Lt2  - 


•Iff 


■* 


liPiPiPPIIlKfRiPW''  ."W  ■,'li»'',^'Wiil».iy.!J,.vl  J.  / 


?ij!^»": 


%l- 


:'..v' 


126 


THE  HISTORY  OP 


n* 


infaDtry,  viho  were  immediately  led  into  action; 
The  Americans  now  flee?  on  all  sides.  Gen.  St. 
Clair  heard  when  the  firing  began,  and  would 
have  supported  Warner,  but  the  troops  that  were 
nearest,  two  militia  regiments,  would  not  obey  orders, 
and  tlie  others  were  at  too  great  a  distance.  Hale, 
who  had  attempted  to  getoff  by  flight,  fell  in  with  an 
inconsiderable  party  of  British,  and  surrendered  him* 
self  and  a  number  of  his  men  prisoners.  The  Amer- 
icans lost  324  in  killed,  wounded,  and  prisoners,  and 
among  the  last  were  12  officers.  The  royal  troops 
including  British  and  German,  had  not  le^s  than  183^ 
killed  and  wounded. 

The  evacuation  of  Ticonderoga  and  Mount  Inde- 
pendence, suprised  General  Washington,  and  spread 
astonishment  and  terror  through  the  New-England 
states.  The  General  was  led  to  believe  that  the  gar- 
rison was  much  stronger.  The  Massachusetts  gen- 
eral court  were  faulty,  in  not  having  seasonably  for- 
warded their  quota  of  troops,  agreable  to  the  requi- 
sition of  Congress. 

Let  us  now  return  to  see  what  was  doing  by  Gen- 
eral Howe.  The  British  fleet  and  army  which  lay 
at  Sandy  Hook,  were  destined  for  the  reduction  of 


te>tjw*ir««tai)iiiiitr  "■i1ltriiiiitiil|i 


j^55»!»f ^-'^!W,«wr''•'«"■'  <v^' 


NORTH  AMERICA.  121 

Philadelphia,  in  pursuance  of  a  plan  which  had  beea 
settled  between  sir  WiHiam  Howe  and  Lord  Oeorge 
Germain,  but  did  not  sail  till  the  2od  of  July.  The . 
land  forces  consiste^d  of  thirty  six  British  and  Hesn* 
sian  battallions,  including  the  light  infantry  and  greny 
adiers,  with  a  powerful  artillery,  a  New- York  corps, 
called  Queen's  Rangers,  and  a  regiment  of  light 
horse,  estimated  all  together  at  about  sixteen  thou- 
sand men.  The  fleet  consisted  of  two  hundred  and 
sixty  seven  sail.  Gen.  Howe's  thus  abandoning 
Burgoyne,  equally  excited  the  astonishment  of 
friends  and  enemies. 

On  the  14th  of  June,  the  Congress  resolved  that 
the  flag  of  the  Thirteen   United  States,  be  thirteen 
stripes,  alternate  red  and   white ;  that  the  union  be 
thirteen  star^,  white,  in.  a  blue  field,  representing  u. 
new  constellation. 

It  was  not  till  the  third  of  September  that  the  roy- 
I  al  army  began  to  move  forward.  On  its  advancing 
near  to  the  Americans,  these  abandoned  their  ground, 
perceiving  that  it  would  not  answer  their  first  expecfc*. 
ation.  They  crossed  BVa^jJj^wine  at  Chad't  ford, 
and  took  possession  of  the  heights  on  the  east  side  of 
it,  with  an  evident  intention  of  disputiug  th©  passage 


1 


•■.I 


■0 

.■'it:' 


^% 


tj  • 


^JllWPfPWWiPPpiiPiipPiliU  l,IJi.^  II  ,Hii)'tPWMl.JI^'(', 


188 


THE  HISTORY  OP 


of  the  riyer ;  but  the  superior  mimbeni  of  the  regular 
forces,  at  last  obliged  them  to  retire. 

A  little  after  sunrise,  od  the  11th  of  September,  a 
warmf  engagement  commenced,  which  lasted  till  the 
approach  of  night.  On  this  occasion,  the  Americans 
shewed  great  resolution  and  courage ;  but  a  few  hours 
more  of  day  light  might  hate  so  animated  the  3on- 
querors,  notwithstanding  their  fatigue,  as  to  have  oc< 
easioned  those  exertions  which  would  have  produced 
a  total  and  ruinous  defeat  to  the  Americans.  It  was 
said  by  tlie  Americans  themselves,  that  in  this  ac- 
tion, their  loss  in  killed,  woundi  d,  and  prisoners,  was 
about  twelve  or  thirteen  hundred  ;  and  that  the  royal 
army  did  not  suffer  on  their  part,  short  of  seven  or 
«igbt  hundred  in  killed  and  wounded.  The  Ameri- 
eans  also  lost  ten  small  field  pieces,  and  a  howitzer,  of 
which  all  but  one  were  brass. 

The  evening  after  the  battle,  a  party  of  regulars 
was  sent  to  Wilmington,  who  took  the  Governor  of 
the  Delaware  state,  Mr.  M'Kinley,  out  of  his  bed, 
and  possessed  themselves  of  a  shallop  lying  in  the 
creek,  loaded  with  the  lich  effects  of  some  of  the  in- 
iNibitants,  together  with  the  public  records  of  the 
epunty^  and  a  large-  quantity  or  public  and  private 


1  > 


^^h0iY.l 


NORTH  AMERICA.  K^ 

money,  besides  many  articles  of  platej  and  other 
liungs.  • 

After  various  motions  of  the  royal  amiy,  on  the' 
26th  of  September,  General  Howe  made  his  trium- 
phal entry  into  Philadelphia,  with  a  small  part  of  his* 
army,  where  he  was  most  cordially  received  by  the 
generality  of  the  Quakers,  and  a  few  other  royalists. 
The  bulk  of  his  troops  were  left  iii  and  about  Ger- 
mantown,  a  village  forming  one  continued  street" 
for  near  two  miles.  General  Washington's  army 
was  encampml  near  Shippach-Creek,  about  eighteen 
miles  from  thence.  The  Congress,  on  the  loss  of 
Philadelphia,    removed  to  York-Town. 

To  return  to  the  Northern  Army,  under  the  com^ 
mand  of  General  Bufgoyne.  Several  actions  took 
place,  between  the  Americans  and  regulars,  in  the 
intended  march  of  the  British  towards  Albany. — In 
these  different  skirmishes,  the  regulars  suffered  very 
considerably,  as  well  as  the  Indians  in  their  interest. 
The  principal  action  happened  at  Benningtdn,  in  ^ 
which  the  Americans  took  from  the  English  four 
brass  field  pieces,  twelve  drums,  two  hundred  and 
fifty  dragoon  swords,  four  ammunition  waggons,  and 


.Ji;S 


mummm 


ipiipiipipn^pp.  iiii|»<IIJi  WipupppMiViS^ 


na 


THE  HISTORY  OP 


m 


ibout  seven  hundred  prisonen,  «niODg  whom  was 
Lieut.  Colonel  BauDi. 

On  the  SOtb  of  August,  the  English  commander 
had  occasion  to  write  to  General  Gates,  and  in  his 
letter  complained  of  inhumanity  exercised  towards 
the  provincial  soldiers  in  the  king's  service,  after  the 
afiair  of  Bennington,  and  then  hinted  at  retaliation. 
General  Gates,  in-  his  answer  of  September  the  2d, 
invalidated  the  charge,  and  then  retorted  the  Indian 
cruelties,  which  he  imputed  to  Burgoyne,  saying, 
**  Miss  M^Rea,  a  young  la^,  lovely  to  the  sight,  of  a 
virtuous  character,  and  amiable  disposition,  engaged 
ta  au  OwCer  in  yotd  army,  was,  with  other  women 
and  children,  taken  out  of  a  house  near  Fort  Edward, 
carried  into  the  woods,  and  there  murdered  and 
mangled  in  a  most  shocking  manner.    Two  parents, 
with  their  six  children,  were  all  scalped  and  treated 
with  the  same  inhumanity,  while  quietly  residing  in 
&eiii  once  happy  and  peaceful  dwellings.    The  mis- 
erabfe  fttte  of  Miss  M^Rea  was  particularly  aggra- 
'  fated,  by  her  being  dr«s3ed  to  receive  her  promis- 
ed husband,  when  she  met  her  murderer  employed 
1^  you.    Upwards  of  one  hundred  men,  women, 
and  children,  have  perished  by  the  hands  of  the 


KORTH  AMERICA. 


tA 


Ruffians,  to  whom  it  m  asserted,  you  have  paid  the 
pdce  of  blood." 

General  Bnrgoyne,  in  his  reply  of  the  6th  of  the 
same  month,  vindicated  his  own  character ;  shewed 
that  Miss  M'Rea's  death  was  no  premeditated  bar- 
barity, and  declared  that  every  other  charge  ex- 
hibited by  General  Gates,  was  iU-<founded  and  erro- 
neous. 

The  murder  of  Miss  M'Rea,  exasperated  the  A- 
merioans,  and  from  that  and  other  cruelties,  occa- 
sion was  taken  to  blacken  the  royal  party  and  army. 
The  people  detested  that  army  which  accepted  Of 
such  Indian  aid,  and  loudly  reprobated  that  go- 
Tetnment  which  could  call  in  such  auxiliaries.-^ 
General  Gates  was  not  deficient  in  aggravating,  by 
several  publications,  the  excesses  that,  had  taken 
place,  and  with  no  smaU  advantage  to  his  own  mili- 
tary operations.  i 

On  the  18th  of  September,  General  Bilrgoyney 
having  been  Tery  short  of  provisions^  If  I^gth  re- 
ceived a  sapply  for  about  thirty  days,  together  with 
other  necessary  stores.  He  then  resolved  upon  pas- 
sing the  Hudson's  river  with  the  army,  which  hav- 
ing executed,  he  encamped  on  the  heights  and  on 


ww^'^wismm^: 


332 


THE  HISTORY  OP 


the  pHJns  of  Saratoga.  The  Americans,  observing 
the  motions  of  the  royal  army,  marched  out  three 
thousand  strong,  in  order  to  attaclrhini,  but  found 
that  to  be  prudentially  impracticable.  However, 
they  drew  up  in  full  view  of  him,  and  there  remained 
tilldik. 

^he  next  day  some  of  the  American  scouting 
parties  fell  in  with  those  of  the  British,  and  with  great 
boldness  began  the  attack  about  me  o'clock,  P.  M. 
The  firing  was  no  sooner  heard  by  G^ns^al  Fhiliips, 
than  he  made  hie  way  with  a  part  of  the  artillery, 
through  the  woods,  and  rendered  essential  services, 
flach  commander  supported,  reinforced,  and  order- 
ed different  regiments  to  engage.  The  battle  was 
hot  and  obstinate  on  both  sides,  till  about  half  past 
two  o'clock,  when  ii  ceased  for  half  an  ho^r.  .  The 
American  and  British  lines  being  fully  formed,  the 
action  was  renewed,  and  became  general  at  jtbree. 
Both  armies  appeared  determined  to  conquer  or  die, 
and  there  was  one  contiT\ua' blaze  of  lire  for  three 
hours,  without  iateimission ;  the  report  of  the  mus- 
kets resembled  an  incessant  roll  beatinj;  on  a  nun* 
ber  of  drums.  The  Americans  and  British  alt<jr- 
nateJy^  drove  and  were  driven  by  each  other.  Three 
British  regiments,  the  20th,  21st,  a??d  the  b2d,  were 


4fm. 


i5R^\!^?^W!^HH^f'  ■^^■*  "^*j 


NORTH  AlrffeRlCA.       '  m 

in  a  constant  and  close  fire  for  "nearly  four  hours. 
All  suffered  considerable  loss  :  the  62d,  which  was 
five  hundred -strong  when  H  left  Canada,  was  now  re- 
duced to  less  than  sixty  men,  and  to  four  or  five 
officers.  Few  actions  have  been  characterised,  by 
more  obstinacy  in  attack  or  defence,  than  was  the 
present.  Both  parties  claimed  the  victory,  though 
neither  had  much  advantage  to  boast  of. 

From  this  time  till  near  the  midf^le  of  October, 
battles  and  skirmishes  ccntinually  took  place 
in  which  the  British  were  greatly  reduced  end 
weakened.  On  the  13th,  General  Burgoyne,  finding 
that  the  troops  hau  only  three  days  provisions  in 
store,  on  short  allowance,  and  no  apparent  means  of 
retreat  remaining,  celled  into  council  all  the  Oen* 
erals,  fie!d  officers,  and  captains  commanding  troops. 
1C%ere  was  not  a  s|5ot  of  ground  in  the  whole  camp  for 
holding  the  coirjcil  of  war,  but  uhat  was  exposed  to 
cannon  or  rif!e  shot ;  and  while  the  council  was  de- 
liberating, an  eighteen  pound  ImW  crossed  the  table. 
By  the  unanimous  advice  of  tlie  council,  the  General 
was  induced  to  ojien  a  treaty  with  General  Gates. 
The  firft  proposals  of  the  latter  were  rejected,  and 
the  sixth  article  with  disdain,  where  it  we»  required 

that  the  British  army  should  lay  down  their  arms  io 

M 


]3^ 


rr 


THE  HISTORY  OF 


their  entrenchments.  Burgoyne's  counter  proposalg. 
were  unanimously  approved,  and  being  sent  to  dates 
were  agreed  to,  on  the  16th,  without  any  material 
alteration.  * 

General  Gates  hem%  fearfu!  of  the  consequences 
that  might  follow,  should  General  Vaughan  with 
his  troops  come  up  in  time  to  Burgoyne's  assistance, 
determined  upon  bringing  the  matter  to  an  immedi- 
ate issue.  On  the  morning  of  the  ]7tb,  he  s^/>t  eve- 
ry thmg  in  readiness  for  attacking  the  royal  army, 
This  done  he  took  out  his  watch,  the  time  agreed 
for  fighting  be*"^  coise.  He  then  sent  Colonel  G?f  a- 
ton  en  horseback  to  Burgoyne  with  a  mesB^  i^- 
quiring  the  Genera!  to  sign,  and  allowed  him  no  more 
than  ten  minutes  to  go  and  return.  He  was  back  it; 
lime,  the  treaty  was  signeJ,  All  hostile  appearances 
ceased,  and  the  Americans  marched  into  the  British 
Knes  to  the  tune  of  Yankee  doodle.  They  wewj 
kept  there  until  the  royal  army  had  mar<*.hed  out  of 
their  lines,  and  deposited  their  arms  at  the  place  ap* 
pointed  by  the  treaty. 

The  delicacy  with  which  this  bus'iuess  was  con- 
ducted reflects  the  highest  honor  upon  the  American 
General.    It  intimated  that  he  was    ensible  of  the 


NOWTH  AMERICA,  m 

morfifleiltioii  attending  a  rcreree  of  fortime,  and  IhaJ 

he  was  unwilling  to  aggravate  the  painful  feelings  of 

the  royal  troops,  by  admitting  the  American  soldiers 

to  be  eye  witiMisea  to  the  degrading  spectacle  of 

piling  thair^  arms.    When  ihe  arnnia  were  deposited 

Agreeable  to  treaty,  the  royal  troops  were  served 

with  bread  by  the  Americans,  as  they  bad  not  any 

left,  or  flour  to  make  it.    They  had  only  one  day's  suit 

meat  remaiaiog. 
« 
The  treaty  was  styled,  "  A  convention  between 

Lieutenant- Gleneral  fiurgoyne,  and  Major  General 
jpates."  Among  other  articles  ift%ae  6li|iulated, 
<(  Tb^t  the  troops  under  Lieutenant-General  Bur- 
goyne  shall  march  out  of  their  eamp  with  the  honors? 
.^f  war,  and  the  artillery  of  the  enlrcuchments,  to 
ttie  verge  of  the  river,  where  the  arms  an'l  artilleQr 
are  to  be  left.  The  arms  to  be  piled  by  word  of  conjt- 
iHiapd  from  their  .own  o£|cers.  A  free  passage  to  be 
grai^ted  to  the  royal  army  to  Great-Britain,  upon  con- 
ilUion  of  not  serving  again  in  America  during  I  he 
o^.*sent  contest ;  and  the  port  of  Boston  to  be  assign- 
ed for  the  entry  of  transports  to  receive  iu^,  (rw»p«i, 
whe;  /er  General  Howe  shall  so  order.  The  offi- 
cers' baggage  not  to  be  molested  or  searched.  Du- 
ring tlie  stay  of  the  troops  in  the  Massachusetts  bay, 


156 


THE  HISTORY  OP 


the  officers  are  to  be  admited  on  parole,  and  to  b* 
allowed  to  wear  their  eidearmB.''  -^ 

The  return  signed  by  General  Burgoyne,  at  the 
lime  of  the  conrention,  made  the  British  army  in- 
cluding Germans,  amount  to  6791,  ^vhich  was  very 
«hort  of  the  number  they  had  on  setting  out  from  . 
Canada.  The  train  of  brass  artillery,  con&ting  of  * 
42  pieces,  was  a  fine  acquisition  to  the  Americans, 
^rhere  were  also  4Gi7  muskets,  6000  dozen  of  ca^ 
tridges,  besides  shot,  carcases,  shells,  &.c. 

Hat  *  "(m  advanced  in  time,  Burgoyne  would 
jfiaye  been  ^a^ld  ;  but  the  troops  he  dispatched  un- 
der General  Yaughan  amused  themselres  with  burn- 
ing Esopus,  a  fine  Tillage  on  the  North  river  below 
Catskill.  General  Yaughaii  with  a  flood  tide,  might 
have  reached  Albany,  in  four  hours,  aff  there  wa^no 
force  to  hinder  him.  Had  he  proceeded  thither,  and 
burnt  the  strores.  Gates,  as  he  himself  afterwards 
di^clared,  must  have  retreated  into  New-England. 


^ 


m'" 


NORTH  AMERICA. 


137 


MemoroMe  Events  Recorded  in  this  Chapter. 


Wretched  state  of  the  armies  under  the  Gen- 
erals Washington  and  Gates,        -      A.  D.  1776. 

Kew  York  taken  by  the  royal  forces,  -        do. 

The  ba|tle  of  the  White  Plains,  -         -     ^do. 

A  body  of  Hessians  defeated  at  Trenton,       -,  do^. 

General  Howe  embarks  his  army  from  Staten 
Island, A.  D.  1777. 

General  Burgoyne  proceeds  to  Crown  Point,  -  do. 

l^conderoga  and  Mount  IndepetidenAievacu- 

"  atea,  ------        do. 

Flag  of  the  United  States  described,        -     -    do. 

Battle  at  the  Brandy  wine,         -        -        -        do. 

Account  of  Miss  M'Rea's  death         -        -        do. 

Americans  engage  the  British  under  General 

^%tfrgoyne,  -         -         -        -        -     '  do. 

Dtifres^  and  calamity  of  th*  royal  army,        -    do. 

General  Bvir^^e  baffte.:  in  all  his  designs,    -  do. 

Signs  a  convention  for  the  surrender  of  his 

army,         - <Io. 

^jTpm  burnt  by    the  troops   under  General 
a'*'.«^Nn,        -----        .     do* 
M  Z 


>:'^^:"^^^^^ 


'^pppp^wlilpllllplpllil^ 


t'.W 


I^S 


Ttt^  HISTORY  f» 


CHAPTER  Vlh 


L  OWARDS  the  end  of  October,  1777,  the 
royal  army  under  the  cpnamand  of  Sir  William 
Howe,  removed  to  Philadelphia.  Measwes  being 
concerted  b^een  the  General  and  admiral  for 
clearing  the  Delaware  of  its  obstructions,  tiie  former 
ordered  batteries  to  be  erected  on  the  western  or 
PeDnsylvania  shore,  to  assist  in  dislodging  the  Amer« 
leans  from  Mud  Island.  He  |||8o  detached  a  strong 
body  of  Hessians  across  the  riyer,  who  were  to  re- 
duce the  Fort  at  Redbait,  while  the  i^ips  and  oittte- 
rteson  the  other  side-wei^  to  i^taek  Mud^Islandk 
Count  Dcjopj  in  the  service  of  the  English,  was 
intrusted  with  the  expedition  against  Redbank,  but 
he  &iled  in  the  attempt.  He  was  mortally  wounded 
and  taken  prisoner,  several  of  his  best  officers  were^UK 
edor  disabled,  and  the  Hessians,  aftef  a  despeiirfis  e^ 
gagemeut,  were  repulsed.    The  secondin  command 


fcK 


NORTH  AMERICA. 


19* 


being  also  dangerously  wounded,  the  detachment  waff 
brought  off  by  Lieutenant-Coloilet  Linsing.  It  is  said 
that  the  royal  detachment  lost,  on  this  occasion,  be- 
tween four  and  five  hundred  mem 

The  expedition  against  Mud-Island  met  with- 
better  success,  the  Americans  being  driven  from 
thence,  and  forced  to  retire  to  Redbank. 

On  the  night  of  the  1 8th  of  November,  Lord  Cora* 
wallis  marched  with  a  considerable  force,  and  the 
next  day  crossed  the  Delaware,  in  bis  way  to  Red^ 
bank,  which  the  Americans  s^andoned^  leaving  be- 
hind them  the  artillery  and  a  consi^rable  quantity 
of  cannon  ball;  The  English  Generals  confessed, 
that  the  long  and  unexpected  opposition  they  receiv- 
ed from  Redbank  and  Mud-Islaud,  broke  in  upon, 
their  plans  for  the  remainder  of  the  campaign. 

Sunday,  May  third,,  1778,  Mr.  Simeon  Deane^ 

Hirother  to  Silas  Deane,  arrived  express  from  France, 

^^.witkvery  important  dispatches.    The  Congress  was 

Immediately  couvened,  and  the  dispatches  opened* 

'^d  read,  among  which  to  theic   inexpressible  joy, 

'  j|rere  a  treaty  of  commerce,  and  a  treaty  of  alliance^ 

^  f  eluded  bettveen  his  most  CJbnstian  Majesty  i^ 


\ 


W 


\ 


V 


\ 


8SPP''PWf!^a!ISpWf^?P5J^-''' 


140 


THE  HISTORY  OF 


king  of  France  and  the  United  States  of  America. 
The  treaties  the  next  day  were  duly  weighed  and 
considered  separately,  and  upon  each  it  was  unan- 
imously  resolved;  ^^'  That  the  same  be  and  is  hereby 
ratiSed."  The  next  resolution  was, "  That  this  Con- 
gress entertain  the  highest  sense  of  the  magnanimity 
and  wisdom  of  his  most  Christian  majesty,  so  strong- 
Vhy  exemplified  in  the  treaty  of  amity  and  commerce, 
and  the  treaty  of  alliance ;  and  the  commissioners 
representing  these  states,  at  the  court  of  France,  are 
directed  to  present  the  grateful  acknowledgements 
of  this  Congress  to  his  most  Christian  majesty,  for 
h&  truly  magianimous  conduct  respecting  these 
states,  in  the  said  generous  and  disinterested  treaties, 
and  to  assure  his  majesty,  on  the  part  of  thi8"tJon- 
gress,  it  is  sincerely  wished,  that  the  friendship,  so 
happily  commenced  between  France  and  these  VpXt- 
ed  States  may  be  perpetual/' 

The  Congress,  after  receiving  the  treaties,  had  a 
stronger  feeling  of  their  own  importance  than  before, 
aad  resolved,  "  That  the  commissioners  appointed 
foi  the  courts  of  Spain,  Tuscany,  Vienna,  and  Ber^ 
Hn,  should  live  in  such  style  and  manner  at  their  rei^ 
pective  courts,  as  they  may  fkid  suitable  and  necifs- 
tary  to  support  the  digjai ty  of  their  public  character.'*^ 


.^■~i,-.'~iK:-'  }.'■:  ^<,'y-:ji:..-i,:- 


NORTH  AMERICA. 


14» 


On  the  fifth  of  May,  they  agreed  to  a  draught  of 
**  An  Address  to  the  inhabitants  of  the  United  State« 
of  America."    In  this  publication,  when  they  come 
to  the  French  treat}',  they  say,    "  You  have  iUiil  to 
expect  one  severe  conflict.     Your  foreign  alliincee 
though  they  secure  your  Independence,  cannot  se- 
cure  your  country  from  desoltttion,  yonr  inhabitant^ipr 
from  plunder,  your  wives  from  rnsolt  or  violation, 
nor  your  children  from  butchery.    Foiled  in  the 
principal  design,  you  must  expect  to  feei  the  rage  of 
disappointed  ambition.    Arise,  then,  to  yoar  tents, 
and  gird  you  for  battle  !    It  is  time  to  turn  the  bead- 
long  current  of  vengeance  upon  the  head  of  the  des- 
troyer.   They  have  filled  up  the  measure  of  their 
abominations,  and  like  ripe  fruit,  must  soon  drop 
fi^nof. the  tree.    Although  much  is  done,  yet  much 
remains  to  do.    Expect  nof  peace,  while  any  comer 
of  America  is  in  the  possession  of  your  foes.    You 
iiQUst  drive  them  away  from  this  land  of  Promise,  a 
land  flowing,  indeed,  with  milk  and  honey.    You? 
brethren  at  the  extremities  of  the  contine;.;  already 
implore  your  friendship  and  protection.    It  is  your 

duty  to  grant  their  request.    They  hunger  and  thirat 
after  liberty.     Be  it  yours  to  dispense  Jto  them  the 

heaV  sniy  igifl.    And  what  is  there  now  to  prevent  it  V 


V:''m 


gi'- 


142 


THE  HISTORY  OF 


In  the  mcnth  of  May,  the  American  frigate  ftan- 
dolph,  of  36  gnoe^  and  305  men,  sailed  on  a  cruise, 
from  Charlestowti.  The  Yarmouth  of  64  guns,  dii*- 
eovered  her  and  fire  other  vessels,  and  came  up 
with  her  in  the  erening.  Captain  Vincent  hailed 
the  Randolph  to  hoist  her  colours,  or  he  would  fire 
ll^Mito  her;  on  which  she  hoisted  American,  and  ini' 
mediately  gave  the  Yarmouth  her  broadside,  which 
was  returned,  and  in  about  a  quarter  of  an  hour  she 
blew  up.  Four  men  saved  themselves  upon  a  piece 
of  her  wreck,  and  subsisted  for  five  days  upon  no- 
thing more  than  raia  water,  which  they  sucked  from 
.a  piece  of  blanket  they  had  picked  up.  On  the 
fifth,  the  Yarmouth  being  in  chase  of  a  ship,  happ'ilf 
discovered  them  waving.  The  Captain  humanely 
suspended  the  chase,  hauled  up  to  the  wreck,  got  a 
boat  out  and  brought  them  on  board. 

On  die  7th  of  May^  the  second  battalUon  of  Brtt- 
1^  light  infantry^  in  fiat  boats,  attendee'  by  three 
galfies  and  other  armed  boafs^  proceeded  up  the 
Delaware,  in  ordeif  to  destroy  all  the  American  ships 
and  vessels  lying  in  the  river  between  Philadelphia 
and  Trenton.  They  landiBd  the  next  morning,  ad- 
vanced toil^^ds  Bardentown,  drove  the  Americans 
Ib^t  opposed  them,  entered  the  town  jind  burnt  fuiir 


^ 


NORTH  AMXmCA. 


ViM 


aiore  houses  contaifiing  provisions,  tobacco,  soine 
military  stores,  and  camp  equipage.  The  /Cpuntry 
being  alarmed  and  a  strong  body  collected,  the  bat- 
tallion  crossed  to  the  Pennsylvania  shore.  The 
next  day  they  resumed  their  iterations,  and  at  sun- 
set embarked  and  returned  to  PhiJadelphia.     While 

v 

upon  the  expedition,  they  burnt  two  frigates,  one  of 
Thirty-Two,  the  other  of  Thirty  Eight  guns  ;  nine 
large  ships ;  three  Privateer  Sloops,  of  Sixteen  guns 
each  ;  three  of  ten  guns  ;  twenty-three  Brigs,  with  a 
number  of  Sloops  and  Schooners.  Two  of  the 
Ships  were  loaded  with  Tobacco,  Rum,  and  military 
stores. 

General  Howe  was  succeeded  in  the  command 
of  the  army  by  sir  Henry  Clinton,  who  arrived  at 
Philadelphia  on  the  eighth  of  May. 

On  the  sixth  of  February  the  treaties  between 
France  and  the  United  States  were  signed.  The  al- 
liance between  these  two  powers  was  known  to  the 
British  ministry  soon  aftei  they  were  signed.  'VLr. 
Fox,  in  a  debate  in  the  house  of  commons  five  days 
afterwards,  asserted,  that  the  number  of  men  lost  to 
the  army,  in  killed,  disabled,  deserted,  and  from  va- 
rious other  eauseS)  from  the  commencement  of  hos- 


■^Pr 


|ii<-!,.y.*ft'ai'iii'liiliiiiMfir>j'iti!r1Bi^ 


144 


OiaK  HISTORY  OP 


lilities  with  America  to  that  period,  amounted  to 
«tK)ye  twentj  thousAnd. 

On  the  1 7tb,  i^ord  North  introduced  his  concilia- 
tory propoeitions.  His  plan  was  to  enable  the  crown 
to  appoint  commissioners  to  treat  with  the  colonists 
concerning  the  means  of  putting  an  end  to  those* 
Ijijl unhappy  contests;  for  which  five  persons  were  in- 
rested  with  ample  powers.  His  lordship  said  in  his 
Speech,  that  General  Howe  had,  in  the  late  actions, 
and  in  the  whole  course  of  the  campaign,  not  only 
in  goodness  of  troops,  and  in  all  manner  of  supplies, 
but  also  in  point  of  numbers,  been  much  superior  to 
the  American  army  that  opposed  him  in  the  field  ; 
that  General  Bargoyne  had,  until  the  afTair  at  Ben- 
Dikigton,  been  in  numbers,  nearly  twice  as  stroD'  \ 
that  of  the  American  army,  that  he  promised  a  grirac 
army  should  be  sent  out,  and  that  a  great  army  had 
aisoordingly  been  sent  out,  to  the  amount  of  sixtj^ 
thousand  men  and  upwards. 

The  speech  was  long,  able,  and  eloquent,  andT 
kept  him  up  two  full  hours.  It  was  heard  with  pro- 
found attention,  but  without  a  single  mark  of  appro- 
bation. A  dull  melancholy  silence  for  some  time 
succeeded.    Astonishment,  dejection,  and  fear,  oyer- 


NORTH  AMEUrCA.  U5 

<^Ioudeil  the  whole  esseuibly.  It  was  conjectured 
(hat  some  powerful  motive  had  induced  the  ministry 
i6  adopt  such  an  alteration  of  meascres.  This  idea 
was  confirmed  by  the  positive  assertion  of  Mr.  Fox, 
that  a  treaty  had  been  signed  at  Paris  between  the 
Colonies  and  Ffance,  by  which  she  recognized  their 
independence. 

On  the  13th  of  March,  the  French  ambassador 

■s. 

<lelivered  a  rescript  to  Lord  Weymouth,  in  which  he 
informed  the  court  of  London,  that  the  king  had  sign* 
ed  a  treaty  of  friendship  and  commerce  with  the 
United  States  of  America.  TThe  knowledge  of  this 
transaction  was  communicatet^  under  the  parade  of 
cultivating  the  good  uMderstandiog  between  France 
and  Great-BritaiB. 

On  the  21st  of  Mardi,  a  public  audience  and  re- 
ception were  given  to  the  American  commissioners, 
Messrs.  Franklin,  Deane,  and  Lee,  by  the  French 
monarch.  They  were  introdueed  by  Mons.  Ver- 
gennee,  and  received  by  the  king  with  the  usual 
formalities  and  ceremonies.  Tins  striking  acknow- 
ledgment of  the  plenipotentiaries  from  the  United 
States,  mortified  the  ministry  and  crown  of  Great- 
Britain,  and  m6j  be  pronounced  the  political  pheno- 

N 


«;.^ 


•^^:!^w:M^cf: 


14^ 


I^HE  HISTORY  OP 


9» 


# 


MencA  of  Eu.  ope.  The  day  before  it  was  exhibited, 
the  French  ambassador,  in  consequence  of  orders 
to  quit  London,  set  out  for  Paris. 

From  this  time,  the  courts  of  London  and  Ver- 
sailles were  busied  in  fitting  out  their  fleets,  which 
met  each  other  in  the  mouth  of  July.  The  EngM  h 
fleet  was  commanded  by  the  admirals  Keppel,  Falli- 
ser,  r.Hd  icarland.  But  as  the  action  of  that  day  is 
amply  related  in  our  history  of  England,  we  shall 
aiot  introduce  in  these  annals  of  America,  an  accooDt  ^ 
of  so  foul  a  tarnish  to  the  British  flag. 

In  the  beginning  of  June,  the  Trident,  British  maa 
of  war,  gmved  in  the  Delaware,  with  the  Earl  of 
Carlisle,  Mr.  Eden,  and  Gbv^ernor  Johnstone,  three 
of  the  commissioners  for  restoring  peace  between 
ixreat-Britain  and  America. 

On  the  1 8th  of  June,  at  Chree  o^clocHfln  the  mom- 
lug,  the  British  evacuatod  Philadelphid,  Mr.  Eden 
having  brought  with  him  secret  instructions  from 
England  for  that  purpose.  They  proceeded  to  GIou- 
(sester-PoinC,  three  miles  dawa  the  river,  «nd  before 
len  the  whole  had  passed  in  safety  across  the  Dela- 
ware into  New-Jersey. 


,i' Vli  A^  <hS  k  4  irlr  n  s^.' j| 


NORTH  AMERICA.  1>T 

When  intelligence  of  Sir  Heniy  Clintoti's  having 
evacuated  Philadelphia  reached  the  American  head* 
quarters,  Gvmeral  Washington  took  his  measures 
accordingly,  f'everal  skirmishes  hiqipened  betweew 
the  Americans  and  the  regulars  with  various  successy 
till  on  the  30th  of  June  the  royal  aj.my  arrived  ih 
the  neighborhood  of  Sandy-Hook.  During  tlie 
course  of  the  march  from  Philadelphia,  the  royal 

army  was  much  reduced  ;  upwards  of  800  having 

« 

deserted,  a  gre^t  number  of  whom  were  Hessians. 

On  the  5th  of  July,  the  army  passed  over  a  bridgri 
of  boats  across  a  narrow  channel  to  Sandy  Hook 
and  were  afterwards  carried  up  to  New* York.  On 
the  "i  th  Lord  Howe  received  advice,  that  the  squad- 

'V. 

ron  from  Toulon  had  arrived  at  Vu*ginia.  Count 
d'Estaing  anchored  on  the  8th  at  night  at  th<^  f;ittsnce 
of  the  Delaware.  The  next  morning  he  weired 
and  sailed  towards  the  Hook,  and  on  the  evening  of 
the  nth  anchored  witfaotit  it.  Had  not  bad  weatUtr 
and  unexpected  impedimeiifi  |Hr«vented,  Uie  Count 
must  have  surprised  Howe's  fleet  in  the  Delaware^ 
as  the  latter  would  not  have  had  time  to  escape  aflter 
being  apprised  of  his  danger.  The  deetruclion  of 
the  fleet  must  have  been  the  consequence  of  such  a 
syrpri^aly  and  thalmitst  mave  oeeaeioned  the  inevifa- 


mpppplip^if 


148 


THE  HISTORY  OF 


I    .' 


tie  loss  of  the  royid  army,  which  would  have  hetn 
fio  encloi^cl  by  the  French  squadron  on  the  one  side 
and  the  American  forces  or  the  oth«r,  tliat  the  Sara- 
toga Catastrophe  must  havo  been  repeated.  Lord 
Howe's  fleet  consisted  only  of  six  sixty-four  gun 
jBhips,  three  of  fifty,  and  two  of  forty,  with  some 
frigates  and  sloops.  Count  d'Estasng  had  twelve 
ships  ef  the  line,  some  of  which  were  of  great  ibree 
and  weight. 

On  the  22d  of  July,  the  Count  sailed  from  Sandys 
Hook,  when  about  twenty  swl  of  vessels  bound  to 
New-York  fell  into  his  possessicm.  They  were 
chiefly  ppzes  taken  from  the  Americans: ;  but  had 
he  stayed  a  few  days  longer,  Admiral  Byron'^  fleet 
must  have  fallen  a  defenceless  prey  into  their  handd. 
That  squadron  had  met  with  unusual  bad  weatiier, 
and  being  separated  in  difierent  storms,  and  lingering 
through  a  tedious  passage,  arrived  scattered,  broken, 
sickly,  dismasted,  or  otherwise  damaged  in  various 
degrees  of  distress,  upon  different  and  remote  parts 
of  the  American  coast.  'Between  the  departure  of 
d'Estaing  and  the  30th  July,  the  Renown  of  50  gun» 
from  the  West-Indies,  the  Raisonable  and  Centurion 
of  64  and  the  Cornwall  of  74  guns,  all  arrived  singly 
at  Sandy-Hook.    By  d'Estsii^'s-siieedy  departure, 


KORTH  AMERICA. 


U9 


»  number  of  provision  siiips  from  Cork  escaped  also, 
'  together  with  their  convoy.  They  went  up  the  Del- 
aware within  fifty  miles  of  Philadelphia  after  Lord 
Bowe  bad  quitted  the  river,  sol  having  obtained  any 
Information  of  what  had  happened.  The  British 
ministry  had  neglected  countermanding  their  desti- 
nation, though  orders  fbr  the  evacuation  of  Philadel- 
phia had  been  sent  off  so  early,  as  to  have  admitted 
of  their  receiving,  before  sailing,  fresh  instructiona 
where  to  have  steered.  Great  rejoicing?  were  made 
at  New  York,  upon  their  safe  arrival,  especially 
as  provisions  were  much  wanted  both  by  the  fleet 
and  army. 

«  Let  us  now  quit  the  military  operations,  for  the 
present,  and  take  a  view  of  the  pendmg  negocia* 
(ions.  Governor  Johnstone  meaning  to  avail  \nn^ 
Self  of  former  connexions,  ei  ed  to  commence 

or  renew  a  private  Correspoiii  ^  ^th   several 

members  of  Congress,  aiMl  other  person^  of  cont.i- 
eration.  In  his  letters  to  them  he  used  a  freedom 
with  the  authority  under  which  he  acted,  not  custom- 
ary with  those  intrusted  Witii  delegated  power,  an?' 
afforded  such  a  degree  of  approbation  to  the  Au  .t, 
cans  in  the  past  resistance  they  had  made,  as  is  se^ 

<Iom  granted  by  negoclatois  to  their  opponents,    fb. 

N  2 


'*        ■ .  JSM 


150 


THE  HISTORY  OP 


...:•% 


'  :   *"%^ 


t^ 


a  LUer  to  Joseph  Reed,  Esq.  of  April  11th,  he  said, 
**  The  man,  who  can  be  instrumental  in  bringing  us 
all  to  aet  once  more  in  harmony,  an*l  to  unite  togeth- 
er the  various  powers  which  their  contest  has  brought 
forth,  will  deserve  more  from  the  king  and  people, 
from  patriotism,  humanity,  and  all  the  tender  ties  that 
are  affected  by  the  quarrel  and  reconciliation,  th&a 
ever  was  yet  bestowed  on  human  kind." 

On  the  16th  of  June,  h'd  wrote  to  Robert  IViorriSy 
Esq  — "  I  believe  the  men,  who  have  conducted  the 
affairs  of  America,  incapable  of  being  influenced  by 
improper  motives ;  but  in  all  such  transactions  there 
is  risk,  and  I  think  that  whoever  ventures, 
should  bs  secured  f  at  the  same  time  that  honor  andf 
Emolument  should  naturally  follow  the  fortune  of. 
those,  who  have  steered  the  vessel  in  the  storm,  and 
brought  her  safely  to  port.  I  think  that  Washington 
and  the  President  have  a  right  to  every  favor  that  a 
grateful  nation  can  bestow,  if  they  could  oncrj  niore 
linite  our  interest,  and  spare  the  miseries  md  the 
devastations  of  war."^ 

1 

On  Sunday  the  21  si  of  June,  Mr.  Reed  received 
a  written  message  from  Mrs.  Ferguson,  expressing 
a  desire  to  see  him  on  business,  which  could  Qot  be 


m 


i^l 


NORTH  AMERICA. 


m 


committed  to  writing.  On  liis  attending  in  the  eve« 
ning,  agreeable  to  her  appointment,  after  some  pre- 
▼ious  conyersation,  she  enlarged  upon  the  great  tal> 
ents  and  amiable  qualities  of  Gov.  Johnstone,  and 
added,  that  in  seyeral  conversations  with  her,  he  had 
expressed  the  most  favorable  sentiments  of  Mr. 
Reed ;  that  it  was  particularly  wished  to  engage  bia 
interest  to  promote  the  object  of  the  British  com- 
m  :;sioners,  viz.  a  re-union  of  the  two  countries,  if 
consistent  with  his  principles  and  judgment;  and  that 
in  such  a  case  itvcould  not  be  deemed  unbecoming 
or  improper  in  the  British  government  to  take  a  far 
Torafole  notice  of  such  conduct;  and  that,  in  this  in- 
stance, Mr.  Reed  might  have  ten  thous&nd  pounds 
sterling,  and  any  office  in  the  colonies,  in  his  Majes- 
ty's gift. 

Mr.  Reed  finding  an  answer  was  expeeted,  replied,. 
'^  I  am  not  worth  purchasing ;  but  such  as  I  am,  the 
king  of  Great-Britain  is  pot  rich  enough  to  do  it.^ 
However  right  the  principles  might  be,  on  wl.ich  this 
insinuating  scheme  ol'  conciliation  was  adopted,  its 
effects  were  inimical. 

On  the  9th  of  July,  Congress  ordered,  «  That  all 
ktters  received  by  members  of  Congress  from  anjf 


%" 


im 


THE  HISTORY  OP 


4 


of  the  British  commissioners^  or  their  agents,  or  from 
any  subject  of  the  king  of  Great- Britain,  of  a  pubtie 
nature,  be  laid  before  Congress."  The  preceding 
letters  being  communicated,  and  Mr.  Reed  maldng 
a  declaration  of  Tvhat  had  passed  within  his  know- 
ledge, Congress  resolved,^  That  the  same  cannot  be 
considered  but  as  direct  attempts  to  corrupt  and  bribe 
the  'Congress ;  that  as  Congress  fee),  so  they  ought 
to  demonstrate,  the  highest  and  most  pointed  indig« 
nation  against  such  daring  and  atrocious  attempts  to 
eorrupt  their  integrity;  and  that  it  is  incompatible 
with  the  honor  of  Congress  to  hold  any  manner  of 
correspondence  or  intercourse  with  the  said  George 
Johnstone,  Esq.  especially  to  negociate  with  him 
upon  affairs,  in  which  the  cause  of  liberty  is  concern- 
€d.»' 


The  proceelliifB  in  this  business  were  expressed 
hk  fhe  form  of  a  de^bration,  a  copy  of  which  was  o^ 
dered  to  be  signed  by  the  President,  and  sent  by  a 
flag  to  the  commissioners  at  New- York. 

These  proceedings  produced  a  very  angry  and 
ipiolent  declaration  from  GU)vemor  Johnstone,  in 
which  the  immediate  operations  of  pjassion  and  dis^ 
i^pointment  were  too  eonspicoous.    The  language 


iiiiiyff  ff4.^i«^^ai^^ 


NORTH  AMERICA, 


163 


of  his  publication  but  poorly  agreed  with  the  high 
ftDd  flftttering  compliments  he  had  80  lately  la? ished 
on  the  Americans  in  those  very  letters,  which  were 
the  subjects  of  the  present  contest.  It  was  dated 
the  26th  of  August,  and  transmitted  to  Congress,  to- 
gether with  the  declaration  of  the  same  date  from 
Lord  Carlisle,  Sir  Henry  CKnton,  and  Mr.  £den« 
which  went  to  .a  solemn  and  total  disayowal,  so  far 
as  related  to  the  present  subject,^  of  their  having  had 
any  knowledge,  durectly,  or  indirectly,  of  those  mat- 
ters specified  by  Congress^ 

Thus  were  all  hopes  of  fiirther  negoeiations  wit&' 
Congress  atanvnd.  Had  Lord  Noith,  and  the  rest 
of  the  ministr>  then  in  being,,  adopted  khese  corrupt- 
ing measures  in  the  more  early  part  of  the  American 
disputes,  it  is  possible  he  might  have  succeeded ;  bttt 
to  attempt  it  at  a  time,  whea  the  spirits  of  the  Amer* 
fcans  were  raised  to  the  highest  pitch,  by  their  new 
'^ance  with  France,  was  Biurely  Utile  sliort  of  folly 
and  madn^s. 

On  the  6tb  of  August,  tte  honorable  Sieur  Gerard 
was  introduced  to  the  Congress,  in  quality  of  minis- 
ter plenipotentiary^  who  produced  a  letter  from  his 
master,  the  king  oC  Fitnce,  to  his  very  dear  great 


iiiiigtyrti-iDirinii 


frt  THI5  HISTORT  0^ 

Iriendf  and^allies ;  and  the  cotnpHmcDta  Mens.  (le> 
rard  MceiTed  on  tb|s  occuion,  were  very  diffeventr 
from  those  Bentiments  the  Americans  lately  ente?^ 
lamed  of  their  now  faithful  allies ! 

On  the  14th  of  September,  Congress  proceeded 
fb  the  election  of  a  minister  plenipotentiary  to  the 
tSourt  of  France,  vvhen  Dr.  Benjamin  Franklin  wa» 
elected  by  ballot.  His  instructions  were  dated  the 
26tb  of  bctober,  and  by  them  he  was  directed  to  ob* 
tain,  if  possibit,  the  French  king's  consent  to  ex< 
punge  two  of  the  articles  of  the  treaty  of  commerce. 
The  Doctor  was  to  inculcate  the  certamty  of  ruining 
the  British  fishery  on  the  banks  of  NeW-Fonndland^ 
and  consequently  the  Brtisb  marine,  by  reducing 

ffalifax  and  Quebec. 

Mimorahk  Motnt$  SMBrded  ^n  this  'S^hapltr, 


fount  DoBOp  replieil  in  the  tttaek  upon  Red- 
bank,       -       • "       -       -     A.  D.  1777. 
Mud-Island  reduced,    .    -       -       -       •        do. 
The  Randolph  Americim  Frigate  blown  up,      1778* 
flur  Henry  Clinton  succeeda  General  Howe,  in 

-        -        -        -       -      -    .^t 


NORTH  AMERICA; 


lii6 


4o. 


Tiie  treaties  between  France  and  the  tJmled 

8tates  signed,  -  *  A.  D.  1778. 

Lord  North's  conciliatory  propositionf ,        -      dfl^* 

Messrs.  Franklin,  Deane,  and  Lee,  have  a 
public  audience  at  the  French  court, 

Congress  receive  the  treaties  concluded  be- 
tween France  and  the  United  titatesi 

which  they  unanimously  ratify, 

'The  British  army  evacuates  Philadel^iia,   -    do. 

Skirmishes  between  the  English  and  Amer- 
icans, ------  ^Q^ 

-The  British  forces  arrive  at  Sandy-Hook,     -     do. 
Ctovemo^  Johnstone  attempts  to  corrupt  certain  ' 

Members  of  Congress,  •  -         ^. 

Dr.  Franklin  appointed  Minister  Plenipotentiary 


at  the  court  of  France 


% 


^o 


..MK^'St 


^M- 


mm 


m 


iwiii 


iiiiiiwiiiiiiiy 


mgi^ 


wiiiiiiiii 


m 


ITfiE  BISTORT  OF 


•     ..  ♦ 


y 


Ok'   * 


cHAPrnsR  vm. 


um^ 


X  HJ^ampAign  in  the  nor^ern  iBtates  haying 
^produced,  nothing  advantageoiis  to  the  British,  ahd 
the  winter  being  the  proper  season  for  southern  ex- 
peditions, sir  Henry  Clinton  concluded  upon  turning 
liip  arms  against  Georgia.  He  might  propose  to 
himself  the  reduction  of  all  the  southern  states,  aniji 
hestronglyjnclined  to  it,  by  reason  that  these  elates 
produced  the  most  valuable  articles  of  commerce 
for  the  Enropetiil  market,  and  carried  on  a  conHider- 
able  export  trade,  which  appeared  no  othierwiae  a^ 
fected  by  the  war,  than  its  it  suffered  from  the  Brit- 
ish cruisers.  The  rice  was  devoted  to  the  service 
of  its  enemies,  while  it  was  wanted  for  the  sapport 
of  the  royal  fleet  and  army  in  America.  A  plan  of 
operations  were  concerted  with  General  Prevost, 
who  commanded  in  East-Florida  -,  and  it  was  iiiteBd* 


I'l^'^UIP'flfPf  ^     HM 


VORTH  AMeftI0il[. 


IS/ 


tdj  that  Georgia  should  be  invaded  both  on  (he 
north  and  south  sides  at  the  same  time. 

This  expedition  was  committed  to  Colonel  Camp- 
Mi,  and  the  forces  appointed  to   act  under  him, 
amounted  to  full  twenty- five  hundred,  which  sailed 
from  Sandy-Hook,  on  the  27th  of  Ntrvember,  being 
Inicorted  by  a  small  squmdron  under  Commodore 
Hyde  Parker.     The  fleet  arrived  at  the  Isle  of  Tibee 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Savannah,  and  on  the  29th  of 
December  the  troops   effected  a  landing.      They 
were  no  sooner  landed,  than  they  were  led  to  at- 
tack the  Fort,  which  the  Britisli  persisted  in  with  so 
much  spirit  and  rapidity,  that  the  Americans  retreat- 
ed with  precipitation  and  disorder.     No  victory  was 
ever  more  complete — thirty-eight  oflRcers,  and  four 
liundred  and  1i^^een  non  commissioned  officers  and 
privates,  forty  eight  ])ieces  of  cannon^wenty -three 
mortars,  the  Fort  with  its  ammunon,  and  stores, 
the  shipping  in  the  river,  a  large  quantity  of  provi- 
sions, with  the  capital  of  Georgia,  were  all  within 
the  space  of  a  few  hours,  in  the  possession  of  the 
British  troops. 

The  50th  of  December  w^  appointed  as  a  d^y  of 
thanksgiving,  by  order  of  Congress,    The  aOUfS  Of 

O 


rra  THE  HldTORT  Of 

the  United  States  were  at  this  period  in  a  most  distrf|»- 
ed,  deplorable,  and  niinous  condition.  Idtenessi  disti- 
pation,  and  extravagance,  seemed  to  tiave  engrossed 
the  attention  of  the  generality  of  the  Ameriican  bqq« 

I 

of  fiberiy  ;  and    self  interest,  speculatioBi  and  tm 
Insatiable  thirst  for  riches  appeared  to  have  got  the 
better  of  eveiy  other  consideration,  and  almost  of 
every   order  of  men.    Plarty  disputes  and  personal 
4iuarre]8   were  too  much  the  general  object,  while 
(he  momentous  concerns  of  the  empire,  a  vast  accu- 
mulated debt,  ruined  finances,  depreciated  money, 
•nd  want  of  credit,  which  naturally  brings  on.  th« 
want  of  every  thing,  were  but  secondary  consider;^- 
tions,  and  postponed  by  Congress  from  time  to  time, 
ms  if  their  affairs  were  in  the  most  flourishing  situation. 
The  paper  currency  in  Philadelphia  was  daily  sink- 
ing, and  at  length  even  so  low  as  fifty  per  cent,  yet 
an  assembly,  a  concert,  a  dinner,  or  supper,  which 
cost  two  or  three  hundred  pounds,  did  not  only  take 
men  off  from  acting,  but  even  from  thinking  of  what 
ought  to  have  been  nearest  thei"  hearts.    Some  of 
-the  most  disinterested  and  patriotic  Americans  felt 

4iaore  distress  fropi  this  review   of  things,  than  they 
■*>  ■  ■  ■,? 

Iiad  done  at  any  other  time,  from  the  disappointments 

Imd  losses  in  the  course  of  the  war. 


9CMTH  AMERICAt  f^ 

'  'In  the  mean  time,  Mons.  Qerard,  the  Freneh  am^t 
laasador,  maoifested  a  desire,  that  the  war  might  not 
■be  prolonged  by  too  high  and  unreisonable  demands^ 
%nd  that  the  United  States  would  reduce  tlieir  ulti- 
fnatum  aa  low  as  possible.  He  skongly  recommend" 
ed  moderation,  as  the  fate  of  war  was  uncertain ;  an4 
he  hinted,  that  a  decisive  naval  engagement  in  favor 
of  the  British,  might  give  a  great  turn  to  their 
affairs. 

The  South'CaroHna  delegates,  rather  with  a  view 
to  cooqtiest,  than  from  any  special  apprehension  of 
danger  to  their  own  or  neighboring  states,  from  the 
troops  under  GeneralCKnton,  requested  the  Congress 
"t^  appoint  General  Lincoln,  on  whose  character  they 
Justly  reposed  great  confidence,  to  the  command  of 
'all  the  fiMTes  to  the  southward.  Accordingly  they 
madd  the  appointment  on  the  35th  of  September, 
and  ordered  him  immediately  to  repair  to  Charles- 
ton. ^ 

On  the  2d  of  March,  the  American  officer  of  the 
day,  at  the  post  at  6ria^Creek,  in  Georgia,  reported 
that  reconnoitring  parties  of  the  enemy's  horse  an^ 
foot  had  been  seen  within  their  piquet  the  night  pre- 
ceding.    Gen.  Ashe,  who  had  crossed  (he  Sayamiab, 


y 


■^rf:xmi/i^t)rfi^i!K^j^,.v;7:fr'f'i  '',;»  '"v  .■.^-■.".i"'fl«;»rf«;:T^ 


l^ 


THE  HISTORY  OP 


Tvitb  about  1200  troops,  besides,  200  light  horse,  r<«^ 
turned  on  the  evening  of  the  same  day  to  his  camp. 
Ke  made  no  preparations  to  impede  the  march  of 
the  British,  and,  soon  after  their  appearance,  he  and 
.his  troops  fled  with  precipitatioDi  without  firing. a 
gun. 

In  the  isiondi  of  May,  Sfr  Henry  Clinton  dispatch- 
eil  Sir  George  Collier  and  General  Matthews,  with 
about  two  thcMsand  soldiers  and   £00  marines,  t» 

• 

make  a  descent  upc:a  Virginia.    Tbey  sailed  for 
Portsmouth  in  that  pro vi  ace,  and  upon  their  arrival 
landed  their  troops  and  took  immediate  possession 
of  the  town,  which  wa&  defenceless.     The  remains 
of  Norfolk,  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river,  fell  of 
course  into  (heir  hands.     On  the  approrch  of  the 
fieet  and  army,  the  Americans  burnt  some  of  their 
^||    vessels,  several  however  fell  into  the  hands  of  the 
•  JBrluch.    The  guards  were  pushed  forward  eighteen 
miles  by  eight  to   Suffolk,  where  they  arrived  by 
«^4y-Iight  and  proceeded  to  destroy  a  magazine  of 
,  provisions,  together  with  the  vessels  and  naval  stores 
llfound  there.    A  similar  destruction  was  earned  on 
at  other  places  in  %at  quarter,  nor  wer*?  the  fri- 
gates and  armed  vessels  less  active  or  Eneeesafol  m 
nto  service.  i 


I  I  IPiJIi,"  i'i|ll|i||iP^P^..'J<"l!PJil!i||!!^ 


on 


^  NORTH  AMERICA.  ^t 

Witiun  the  fortnight  that  the  fleet  and  army  eon- 
tinuedi  upon  the  coast,  the  loss  of  the  Americans  was 
prodigious.  Above  130  vessels  of  all  sorts,  inchid^ 
ing  some  privateers,  and  ships  of  force,  were  destroy- 
ed or  taken  by  them ;  seventeen  prizes  were  brought 
away,  besides  three  thousaud  hogsheads  of  tobaccoj; 
whicii  fell  into  their  possession  at  Portsmouth.  Ex- 
cept the  house  of  a  widow  and  the  church,  they 
burnt  every  house  in  Suffolk,  and  all  the  principat 
,koUses  of  gentlemen  in  their  routo  shared  the  same 
fate. 

On  the  30th  of  May,  these  troops  were  joined  to 
others  going  up  the  North  river  to  attack  the  postsf 
of  Stoney-Poiut,  and  Verplank,  where  the  Americauff 
had  begun  to  construct  strong  works,  for  keeping  the 
lower  communication  open  between  the  eastern  and 
southern  states — Gieueral  Vaughan  lauded  with  tlie 
greater  part  on  the  east  side,  while  the  remainder,, 
accompanied  by  Sir  Henry  Clinton,  advanced furthet 
up,  landed  on  the  west  side,  and  took  possession  of 
Stoney-Point  without  opposition.  Directly  oppo- 
site, the  Americans  had  completely  iiuished  a  stroi^ 
.,Fort,  which  was  defended  byrfour  pieces  of  artillery, 
,  and  a  garrison  of  about  seventy  men.  But  it  was 
commanded  by  Sfoney  Point ;   to  the  summit  o£ 


liiUiijfi 


■  >^^i.te»~-'- 


w 


102 


THE  HISTORY  OF 


wliick  cannon  and  mortars  were  dragged  up  during 
the  night.    By  five  in  the  morning,  a  battery  was^y 
opened,  which  poured  a  storm  of  fire  on  the  Fort^^ 
while  Vaughan  with  his  division  made  a  long  circuits 
by  the  sides  of  the  hills,  arrived  and  closely  investedo 
it  by  land.     The  garrison,  finding  themselves  totally 
overpowered,  surrendered  themselT^es  prisoners  ot 
war.    By  the  loss  of  these  posfs,  the  Jersey  people 
were  obliged  to  make  a  circuit  of  about  ninety  miles 
under  the  mountains,  to  communicate  with  ihestate», 
east  of  Hudson's  river. 

'  After  the  French  had  taken  Grenada,^  and  d'Es^ 
iaing  was  lying  with  his  fleet  at  Cape  Francois,  h^ 
received  letters  from  Governor  Rutledge,  GeneraV 
Lincoln,  the  French  Consul  at  Charleston,  and  others, 
urging  him  to  visit  the  American  coast,  and  propos* 
ing  an  attack  upon  Savannah.  The  General  engage 
cd  to  join  him  with  a  thousal^d  men  certain,  and 
promised  that  every  exertion  should  be  made  to  in>- 
erease  the  number.  The  application  coincided  with 
the  king's  instructions,  to  act  in  concert  with  the  fbp* 
Cfs'of  the  United  States,  whenever  an  occasion  pre^ 
senled  itself:  he  sailed  for  the  American  contincnl., . 
wtthin  a  few  days  after  it  was  rec€ive(^. 


'!>•••  f 


I  iy.pp|ijii!i|[|jij!!jyi 


^f^m^m^^mmw^' 


NORTH  AMERICA. 


H3 


#n  the  1st  of  September,  count  d^Estaing  arrived 

with  a  fleet  of  twenty  sail  of  the  line,  two  of  fifty 

gunsj  and  eleven  frigates.    The  a[)pearance  of  the 

French  fleet  on  the  coasts  of  South-Carolina  ahff 

Georgia  was  so  unexpected  by  the  British  that  the* 

Experiment  man  of  war,  of  fifty  guns,  SirJamei^ 

Wallace  commander,  and  three  frigates  were  eaptur* 

ed.    No  sooner  was  it  known  at  Charleston,  that  the* 

count  was  on  the  coast,  than  Lincoln  marched  with 

all  iexpedition  for  Savannah,  with  the  troops  imder 

his  command  ;  and  orders  were  also  given  for  the 

South-Carolina  and  Georgia  militia  to  rendezvous 
K 
immediately  near  the  same  place.    The  British  were 

equally  dilligent  in  nreparing  for  their  defence. 

The  French  and  Americans  after  having  spent 
some  time  in  making  regular  approaches^  at  last  der 
t^ermined  to  take  the  place  by  storm.  Accordingly 
the  morning  of  the  9th  of  October  was  fixed  for  the 
attack,  and  neither  the  French  nor  the  Americans  hadi 
the  least  doubt  of  success. 

Two  feints  were  made  with  the  country  militia,, 
and  a  real  attack  a  little  before  day  light  on  the- 
Spring-hill  battery,  T\ith  3500  French  troops,  60ft 
continentals,  and  3^0  of  the  Charleston  militia  hiad- 


•*^,' 


1^% 


Tttfi  HISTORY  W 


ed  by  eoimt  d^Estaiiig  and  General  Lmcolii.— Tbey 
marched  up  to  the  lines  with  great  boldness ;  but  a 
heavy  and  well-directed  fire  from  the  batteries,  and 
^  cross  fire  from  the  galties  thi'ew  the  front  of  the 
eolumn  into  confusion.     Two  standards  however^ 

one  an  American,  were  planted  on  the  British  re- 
doubts.   Count  Palaskl  at  the  head  of  200  horse- 
men, was  mtail  gallop,  riding  into  town  between  the 
redoubts,  with  an  intent  of  charging  in  the  rear,  when 
be  received  a  mortal  wound.    A  general  retreat  oC 
the  assailants  took  place,  after  they  had  stood  the 
enemy's  fire  fior  fifty-five  minutes.    D'Estaing  receiv- 
ed two  slight  wounds  ;  637  of  his  troops,  and  234  of 
the  continentals  were  killed  or  wounded.    Of  the 
350  CharIei:ton  militia,  wha  were  in  the  hottest  of 
the  fire,  only  six  wer/;  wound«sd,  and  a  captain  killed. 
Gen.  Prevost  and  Major  Moncrief  deservedly  acquir- 
ed  great  reputation   by    their   successful  defence. 
There  were  not  ten  guns  niounted  on  the  lines  when  , 
the  enemy  first  appeared,  and  in  a  few  days  the 
number  exceeded  eighty.      The  garrison  was  be- 
tween two  and  three  thousand,  including  1 50  mili- 
tia.— The  damage  it  sustained  was  trifling  as  the  mcif 
fired  under  caver  and  few  of  the  assailants  fir«4 
•taUU  •  ' 


. 


I  j|i|f||i,j|iiii),  ;()"■  "*»!?'«(s*);»t:^-w""f*',^ 


UU 


NORTH  AMEKIC^i.  m 

Let  us  now  see  what  the  northern  army  was  6&^ 
mg.    In  the  middle  of  December,  a  part  of  GenerU 
Washington's  army  was  without  bread  :  and  for  ih^ 
rl^st  be  had  not,  either  on  the  spot  or  within  reach,  a 
supply  sufficient  for  four  days.     Both  officers  sni. 
men  were  almost  perishing  through  want  for  a  for^ 
night.    The  deficiency  proceeded  from  the  absolute 
iSmptines^  of  the  American  magazines  in  every  place^ 
and  the  total  want  of  money  and  credit  to  replenbh 
them.     So  that  the  General  was  obhged  to  call  upon 
the  magistrates  of  the  Jersey  state,  to  express  his  8it»> 
nation  to  them,  and  to  declare  in  plain  temis,  that  he 
und  his  army  were  reduced  to  the  alternatjiye  of  di» 
banding  or  catering  lor  tKemgelves,  unless  the  inhab* 
Jtants  would  afiford  them  aid.     He  allotted  to  each- 
county  a  certain  proportion  of  flour  or  grain,  and  a 
'certain  number  of  cattle  to  be  delivered  on  certain 
'^ys. — To  the  honor  of  the  magistrates,  and  the 
good  dispositions   of  the  people,  be  it  added,  that 
'these  requisitions  were  punctually  complied  wit^, 

r 

and  in  many  counties  exceeded. 

But  to  return  to  the  southern  armies.  On  the 
20th  of  March,  1780,  Admiral  Arl^uthuot,  with  ft 
small  fleet  crossed  the  bar,  in  front  of  rebellionjoai), 
and  aochoredinFiTeFattiom  hole.    The  Anerieiun 


'*'«.«;'-* 


mmm'm^'^mmmm^^ 


-f 


f 


i^  *^  OTB  BISTORT  dfer 

fleet  retreated  to  Charleston,  and  the  erewi  and  gufa 
Wall  the  vessels,  except  the  Ranger,  were  put  ok 
shore  to  rehiforce  the  batteries.  Before  the  Ameri- 
cans had  taken  this  step,  they  should  have  considers 

'J 

kd,  whether  the  ships  were  able  to  defend  the  ba^, 
and  should  have  sent  them  of,  when  they  found  it  iaij 
practicable. 

On  the  12th  of  April,,  the  British  opened  their  ba^ 
ieries  against  Charleston,  and  a  constant  fire  was 
kept  up  between  both  parties  until  the  20tb.  On  tlie 
18th  of  April,  Sir  Henry  Clinton  received  a  rein* 

ibrcement  of  three  thousand  men  from  New- York; 
and  on  the  72th  of  filay,  Cteneral  LTncoln,  after  hav- 
ing made  the  most  vigorous  disfence  be  was  capablja 
•^  was  ob%ed  to  capitij^ate.  It  was  stipulated  that 
l|ie  contaental  troops  and  sailors  should  remain  prif- 
#lkers  of  war  until  exchanged,  and  be  provided  wit|i 
good  and  wholesome  provisions,  in  such  quantities  as 
fiere  served  out  to  the  British  troops.  The  militia 
were  to  return  home  as  prisoners  on  parole,  which  as 
long  as  they  observed,  was  to  secure  them  from  be- 
ing molested  in  their  property  by  the  British  troops. 
The  oC^er^  of  me  army  and  navy  were  to  keep  their 
B9rQ^,|fistohi  aad  baggage,  which  last  was  not  tp  be 


ppmiil,  .ii|]i.|R  i,iiipii^i|||y 


JNlfJMf^mjWI 


be 


NeitTH  AMEltlOA.  I§7 

#Mr*lied ;  but  their  faocses  were  not  to  go  out  of 
^wn,  but  might  be  disposed  of  by  any  person  left  for 
Ibe  purpose.  The  garrison,  at  an  hour  appointed^ 
was  to  march  out  of  the  town  to  the  ground  betwees 
ib^  works  of  the  place  and  the  canal,  where  thef 
were  to  deposit  their  arms.  The  drums  were  not  td 
beat  a  British  march,  nor  the  colors  to  be  uncased* 
AU  civil  officers  and  citizens,  who  had  borne  arms, 
'«(uiing  the  siege,  were  to  be  prisoners  on  punole ;  and 
'With respect  to  their  property  in  the  city,  they  w^re 
-to  have  the  same  terms  as  the  militia ;  and  all  other 
persons  in  the  town,  not  described  in  any  article^ 
w^re/iotwithstanding  to  be  prisoners  upon  parole. 

The  capital  having  surrendered,  the  next  object  d 
the  British  was  to  secure  the  general  submission  oC 
tlie  inhabitants.  With  this  view  they  posted  garri- 
'i^ons  in  different  parts  of  the  coui^^,  and  marched  a 
'large  body  of  troops  over  the  Santee,  towards  the  eK~ 
tremity  of  the  state  which  borders  on  the  most  pop- 
'  ulous  parts  of  North-Carolina.  This  occasioned  the 
retreat  of  somci  American  parties,  who  had  advanced 
into  the  upper  part  of  South  Carolina,  in  expectation 
^f  relieviog  Charleston.  Among  tlmcorps  which  had 
come  forward  with  that  view,  tliere^fts  one  consist*- 
I^g  of  about  a(JD  continentals,  Che  rear  of  (ho  vl%iiira 


ifiw^^f-v^j  rn!»^  TffJP^  T^Wy^ 


^m'i..::.-,s..-^^i^^S^^<i 


f*'^;WWBCf'?r .' 


M^ 


mife  BISTORT  (« 


■^P 


m^ 


Kil^,  coimnanded  by  coIonelBaford.  TarletoB  wUle 
about  700  horse  and  foot^was  sent  in  quest  of  ^is 
party.  Having  mounted  his  infanhry,  he  marched 
105  miles' in  fifteen  hours,  came  up  with  th%m  at  the 
Waihaws,  and  demanded  their  surrender  on  terms 
^imifor  to  those  granted  to  the  continentals  at 
Charleston.  While  the  flags  were  passing  and  repas- 
sing on  this  business,  Tarleton  kept  his  men  in  mo- 
:tl6n)'and  whenihe  trticiis  was  ended  had  nearly  sur- 
irofuided  his  adversaries.  An  action  instantly  ensued, 
when  the  continental  parly  having  partaken  of  the 
general  consternation  occasioned  by  the  British  ^'jc- 
G^sses,  njade.but  a  feeble  resistance,  and  begged  for 
quarters.  A  few  however  continued  to  fire.  The 
British  cavalry  advanced,  but  were  not  opposed  by 
the  main  body  of  the  continentals,  who  conceived 
themselves  precluded  by  their  submission.  The 
Accidental  firing  or  the  few  was  an  argument,  how- 
ever jfor  directing  the  British  le^on  to  charge  those 
who  had  laid  down  their  arms.  In  consequence  of 
this  order,  the  unresisting  Americans,  prayiug  for 
quarters,  were  cut  in  pieces.  By  Tarleton's  ofiTicisd 
account  of  this  bloody  scene,  113  were  killed,  50 
l^adly  wounL!ect^Wiable  to  travel,  and  left  on  parole^ 
and^  made  prisoners,  while  they  made  such  inefv 


NOami  AMERlCl/ 


r«d 


ftctual  <*pP<>8itton  as  only  to  kill  seven  wkI  woand 
tweiTe  of  the  British.  Lord  CornwaRis  bestowed 
<m  Tittietaa  the  Itighest  encominms  for  this  enter- 
p«ize>  ami  recomioended  him  in  a  special  manner  to 
royalfeiror  and  ^trooage.  i 

*'The  expected  succours  at  length  arrived  from 
France,  on  the  evening  of  the  10th  ofJuiy,  at  Rhode- 
Inland.  The  Chevalier  de  Ternaycoifimanded  the 
fleet,  which  consisted  of  two  ships  of  eighty  guns, 
one  of  74)  four  of  6^,  a  bomb  vessel,  and  32  trans- 
ports. The  land  forces  consisted  of  four  old  re^ 
ments  besides  thefe^on  deLauzun,  and  abat(»lIioa 
of  artillery,  amounting  to  about  6000  men  under  the 
command  of  Lieut.  Gen.  Count  de  Rochambeau. 

About  the  time  that  Charleston  surrendered,  Sir 
R.  Clinton  received  intelhgence  that  a  large  number 
of  forces  and  a  French  fleet  commanded  by  Mons. 
Ternay,  might  soon  be  expected  on  the  American 
coast.  This  induced  him  to  re-embark  for  New- 
York,  leaving  Lord  Cornwaliis  with  about  four  thou- 
s^md  men,  which  vfcre  deemed  fully  sufficient  for  his 
purposes. 

On  the  4th  of  September  was  signed  the  plan  of  a 
^  treaty  of  commerce  between  the  states  of  HdQtttid 


m 


'«<*■ 


^t-m^ ' "" 


J70  THE  HISTORY  OP 

«nd  the  Uoited  States  of  America.  Mons.  de 
Keufville,  being  properly  authorised  by  the  regen- 
cy of  Amsterdam,  engaged,  that  as  long  as  America 
should  not  act  contrary  to  the  interest  of  the  states 
of  Holland,  the  city  of  Amsterdam  would  rrever 
adopt  any  measure  that  might  tend  to  oppose  the  in- 
terests of  America ;  hut  would  on  the  contrary,  use  all 
its  influence  upon  the  states  of  the  Seven  United 
Provinces  of  Holland,  to  effect  the  desu'ed  connexion. 
This  business  was  conducted  by  Mr.  Joim  Adams 
on  the  part  of  America. 

"  Lord  Comwallis  went  on  successfully  in  South- Car- 
olina. On  tlie  16th  of  August  he  engaged  the  for- 
ces under  General  Gu  s,  and  completely  routed 
them  after  a  long  and  obstinate  contest.-  General 
Gates  was  borne  off  the  field  by  a  torrent  of  dis- 
mayed militia.  They  constituted  so  great  a  part  of 
his  army,  that  when  he  saw  them  break  and  run  with 
such  precipitation,  he  lost  every  hope  of  victory  ; 
and  his  only  care  was,  if  possible,^  jbo  rally  a  suffi- 
cient number  to  cover  the  retreat  of  the  other  troops. 
Ue  retired  with  General  Caswell  to  Clermont,  in 
^ope  of  halting  them  in  their  late  encampment ;  but 
the  further  they  fled,  the  more  they  dispersed,  and 


■^i!- 


.  :  .  Ji^s.  .         -^.f^lJU^  — -i.  .— J/.l 


-,-^'i»t^r-'^-y"f' 


NORM  AMERICA.  171 

the  General!  giving  up  all  as  lost,  retired  M^iUi  a  £e\f 
attendants  to  Charlotte. 

The  Americans  lost  eiglit  field  pieces,  the  whole 
of  their  ardllery,  with  all  their  ammunition  waggons, 
besides  one  hundred  and  fifty  others,  and  a  conuder- 
able  quantity  of  military  stores,  and  the  greatwrjlatt 
of  their  baggage.  The  number  slain  cannot  be 
precisely  ascertained,  no  returns  of  the  militia  being, 
made  after  the  action  ;  but  it  is  supposed,  that  the 
Americans  lost  about  seven  hundred  on  this  occa- 
sion.  Though  Cornwallis*  victory  was  complete, 
yet  from  the  account  the  British  gave  of  the  action^ 
it  may  be  inferred,  that  it  was  dearly  bought,  up- 
wards of  five  hundred  of  their  own  troops  being  kill- 
ed or  wounded. 

A  minute  representation  ofthe  retreat  of  the  Amer- 
icans from  Charlotte  to  SaHsbury,  would  be  the  imago 
of  complicated  wretchedness.  Care,  anxiety,  paio, 
humiliation,  dejection,'  poverty,  hurry,  and  confu- 
sion,  promiscuously  marked  the  shocking  scene. 
Painful  objects  presented  themselves  to  view,  several 
men  without  an  arm,  some  with  but  one,  and  many 
standing  in  need  of  the  most  kind  and  powerful 
assistance. 


|^#v, 


h 


.•1T2 


'^^■^msT' 


THE  HISTORY  OP 


t<or<!l  CornTvaliis,  not  withstanding  his  victoiy,  was 
rcetiained  for  some  time  fcom  pursuing  his  co«- 
quesfs,  by  the  loss  he  had  sustained  in  the  bAttte, 
the  extreme  licat  of  tlie  weather,  tickUoess  of  the 
season,  and  the  wart  of  necessary  supplies ;  he  there- 
fore remained  at  Cambden. 

In  the  montli  of  Sept^nber,  a  <liseoTCry  of  the 
utmost  importance  was  made,  which  was  a  scheme 
for  d^fiv^ring  West-Point  into  the  hands  of  Sir  Hen- 
ry Clinton.  General  Arnold  who  had  the  command 
of  that  post,  was  bra^e  but  mercenary,  fond  of  par- 
ade, and  e:Ktrcmely  desirous  of  acquiring  money  to 
defray  the  cxpenecs  of  it.  When  he  entered  Philft- 
delplHa  after  the  eTacuation,  he  raide  GoYcroer 
Penn's  house,  the  best  in  the  city,  his  head  qutrtens. 
This  he  ftirnished  in  a  very  costly  manner,  and  lived 
in  a  style  far  beyond  his  income.  He  continued  bis 
extravagant  course  of  living,  was  unsuccessful  in 
trade  and  privateering,  his  funds  were  exhausted,  and 
his  creditors  importunate,  while  his  lust  for  high  life 
'Was  not  in  the  least  abated. ,  He  bs^d  exhibited,  h^avy 
accounts  and  demands  against  the  public ;  and  the 
commissioners,  upon  examination,  rejected  about 

■f 

one  half  of  the  amount.    He  appealed  to  Congress, 
and  a  committee  was  appointed,  who  were  of  opiiir 


L   *.. 


'-^^ 


-rt'-Ji' 


>ij' 


NORTH  AMERICA.  H3 

ion,  tliat  tlie  Commissioners  had  allowetl  mere  than 
th«  General  had  a  right  to  expect  or  demand. 
This  provoked  him  to  outrageous  expressions  and 
proceedings.  Disgusted  at  the  treatment  he  had 
met  with,  embarrassed  in  his  circumstances,  and  hav- 
ing a  growing  expensive  family,  he  turned  his  thoughts 
towards  bettering  his  circumstances  by  new  mean?. 
In  1779,  a  correspondence  commenced  between 
General  Arnold  and  Major  Andre,  Adjutant- General 
to  the  British  army,  a  rising  young  officer  of  great 
hope  and  merit. 

For  the  speedy  completion  of  the  negociation 
that  was  carrying  on  between  Major  Andre  and  Gen- 
eral Arnold,  the  Vulture  sloop  of  war  was  stationed 
in  the  North  river,  at  such  a  distance  from  the  AmeC' 
ican  posts,  as,  without  exciting  suspicion,  would  ser^  e 
for  the  necessary  communication.  Before  tliis,  a 
written  correspondence  through  other  channels  had 
been  mzuntained  between  Arnold  and  Andre,  at  New- 
York,  under  the  names  of  Gustavus  and  Anderson. 

On  the  2]8tof  September,  the  necessary  arrange- 
ments being  made,  a  boat  was  sent  at  night  from 
the  shore  to  the  Vulture,  to  fetch  Major  Andre,  which 
brought  him  to  the  beach  without  the  posts  of  either 


P  2 


2* 


^        t 


'^ 


-<• 


jl|PWJWi!*||.J!pi^*W5l|||P!?|P?w;.'' 


.>174 


THE  HISTORY  OF 


.^^ 


army,  where  he  met  Arcold.  The  Major  continued 
with  him  during  the  day  ibllowing,  and  at  night,  the 
boatman  refuging  to  conduct  him  back  to  the  Vul- 
ture, which  had  shifted  her  position,  as  she  ley  expoflh 
ed  to  the  fire  of  a  cannon  sent  to  annoy  her,  be  was 
obliged  to  concert  his  escape  by  land.  He  quilted 
bis  uniform,  which  lie  had  hifherto  worn  under  his 
surtout,  for  a  common  coat.  He  was  furnished  with 
a  horse,  and,  under  the  name  of  John  Anderson, 
with  a  passport  from  Arnold  to  go  through  the  lines 
at  White  Plains,  or  lower  if  he  thought  proper,  on 
'  public  business. 

He  pursue  his  jourpey  alone  towards  York  paj- 
sed  all  the  guards  and  posts  on  the  road  without  suu- 
pii'ion,  and  was  much  elated.  The  next  day  he 
travelled  without  any  alarm,  and  began  to  consider 
himself  out  of  danger ;  but  unhappily  for  him,  three 
of  the  N.  York  miiilia  were  with  others  on  a  scouting 
jj^  party  between  the  out  poets  of  the  two  armies.  One 
of  them  sprung  from  his  covert  and  seized  Andre's 
^orse  by  the  bridle.  The  Mujor  instead  of  instantly 
producing  his  pn^s,  asked  the  man  where  he  belonged, 
\t}|o  answered,  "  to  below."  Andre  suspecting  po 
diiccit,  said  "  so  do  1."  Then  declared  himself  a  Brit- 
hh  otficer,  nnd:§ressed  that  he  might  not  be  detained, 


mmmm 


NORTH  AlffiRICA. 


115 


(iX  tk&t  lie  vrm  upon  urgiettt  buainess.    Upon  ibe 
other  two  eomiiig  up,  and  joining  their  couirode  be 
discovered  bis  raisttake.    The  confusion  that  follow- 
ed was  apparent,  and  they  proceeded  to  search  him 
tUl  they  found  bk  papera.    He  offered  the  captors  a 
considerable  purse  of  gold,  and  a  very    valuable 
watch,  to  let  him  pass ;  but  they  nobly  disdained  the 
temptation,  besides  the  facinatiug  offers  of  permanent 
provision,  and  even  of  fi  '..te  promotion,  on  condi* 
tlon  of  tlieir  conveying  and  accompanying  hiBi  (o 
New- York.      They  conducted  him  to  Lieutenant- 
Colonel  Jameson,  the  continental  uSicev  who  had  the 
command  of  the  scouting  parties,  amounting  to  800 
men,  chiefly  militia. — Arnold's  conduct  with  regard 
Co  this  body  of  men,  and  in  other  regpects,  had  excit- 
ed auch  suspicions  in  the  breast  of  the  Lieutenant-Co- 
lonel, and  the  rest  of  the  officers,  that  they  had  de- 
termined upon  seizing  the  General  at  all  eventf^jbail 
)ie  come  down  and  ordered  them  nearer  the  enemy .^^ 
Jameson,  notwithstanding  his  strong  jealousy  of  Ar-^ 
pold,  was  in  the  issue  tiie  means  of  his  escaue.     .^tll 

Major  Andre,  in  order  to  give  Arnold  time  toi»- 
cape,  requested  that  a  line  migiit  be  sent  to  acqunint 
rhim  of  the  det.t?ntion  of  Anderson,  the  name  Andre 
liad  ;iS«umed,  which  Jameson,  through  an  ill  Jndgeil 


• 


l-i^ 


PHP^WiWP 


■•^T^'i^rrm-^ 


176  THEfflSTORYOP 

delicacy,  granted.  The  papers  which  were  found  la 
the  Major's  boots,  were  in  Arnold's  hand  writing, 
and  contained  exact  returns  of  the  state  of  the  force?, 
ordnance  and  defences  at  West-Point  and  its  depen- 
dencies, with  the  artillery  orders,  critical  remarks  on 
the  works,  an  estimate  of  the  number  of  men  that 
were  ordinarily  on  duty  to  man  them,  and  the  copy 
of  a  state  of  matters  tliat  had  been  laid  before  a  coun- 
cil of  war  by  the  Commander  in-Chief.  These  pa- 
pers were  enclosed  in  a  packet  to  General  Washing- 
ton, accompanied  with  a  letter  from  the  prisoner, 
avowipg  himself  to  be  Major  Andre,  Adjutant  Gen< 
eral  to  the  British  army,  relating  the  manner  of  his 
capture,  and  endeayoriog  to  show,  that  he  did  not 
come  under  the  description  of  a  Spy. — These  pa- 
pers were  forwarded  by  Jameson. 

No  sooner  had  Arnold  received  the  Major's  let- 
ter, than  he  hastened  on  board  the  Vulture,  which 
lay  some  miles  below  Sloney-Point ;  he  had  not 
been  long  gone,  when  Washington  arrived  at  his 
'|||uar(ers  from  the  eastward.  Had  the  plot  succeed- 
ed, the  consequences  must  have  been  ruinous  to  the 
Americans.  The  forces  under  Arnold's  ccnmand 
mn^t  have  either  laid  down  their  arms,  or  have 
been  cut  to  pieces,    Tiieir  loss,  and  the  immediate 


«."v?^v,.|?i',M^ww-,i     Ml,ipi«||U.|,i|pp|^pi 


^  ^^^PP1P^*'''™''^P 


NORTH  AummcA.  in 

poggession  of  West-Point,  and  all  its  ne^hboring 
clependenciefl,  must  have  exposed  the  remainder  of 
AVafihington's  nrmy  to  the  joint  exertion  of  the 
Bi'Uiflh  forcesi  by  land  and  watcri  and  Dotliing  but 
ruin  could  have  been  the  result  with  respect  tothe 

On  the  29th  of  September,  General  Washington 
appointed  a  board  of  fourteen  genera!  officers,  with 
the  assistance  of  the  Judge- Advocate  General,  to 
examine  Major  Andre's  case,  and  to  determine  fa 
what  light  it  ought  to  be  considered.     Andre,  dis- 
daining all  subterfuge  and  evasion,  and  studying 
only  to  place  his  character  in  so  fair  a  light,  as  might 
prevent  its  being  shaded  by  present  circumstances, 
voluntarily  confessed  more  than  he  was  asked,  and 
sought  not  to  paliate  any  thing  relating  to  himself, 
while  he  concealed,  with  (he  most  guarded  andiiolti- 
pulous  nicety,    whatever  might  involve  othei(9.,r- 
The  board  shewed  him  every  possible  mark  of  in- 
dulgence, and  sufitciently  witnessed  how  much  they 
felt  for  his  situation.     However,  public  justice  oblig4 
ed  them  to  declare,    "  That  Major  Andre  ought  to 
be  considered  as  a  Spy  from  the  enemy  ;   and  that 
a^eealde  to  the  law  and  uMge  of  nations,  it  is 
their  opimon,  he  ought  to  suffer  deeth." 


s3^. 


% 


M'l) '. -it':..,,-»  '.'",»(^;_i4K'.y,»! 


■^ll^Wf?" 


178 


THE  HYSTORY  OF 


m 


Several  letters  passed  between  the  Gener  jtis  Clla^ 
ton  and  Wasliington,  relative  to  this  unhapf^y  affair; 
but  nothing  was  capable  of  saving  the  unfortunate 
Major.  On  the  2d  of  October,  the  tragedy  wa« 
jBlosed.  The  Major  was  superior  to  the  terrors  of 
death;  but  the  disgraceful  mode  of  dying,  which  the 
usage  of  war  had  annexed  to  his  unhappy  situation, 
was  infinitely  dreadful  to  him.  He  was  desirous  of 
being  indulged  with  a  professional  death,  and  had 
accordingly  written,  the  day  before,  a  pathetic  letter, 
fraught  with  all  the  feelings  of  a  man  of  sentiment 
and  honor,  in  which  he  requested  of  General  Wash- 
ington, that  he  might  not  die  on  a  gibbet.  The  Gen- 
eral  consulted  his  officers  on  ibe  subject.  Pity  and 
esteem  wrought  so  powerfully,  that  they  were  alLfor 
shooting  him,  till  Greene  insisted  on  it,  that  his  crime 
was  tliat  of  a  common  Spy  ;  tliat  the  public  good  re- 
^.iired  his  being  hanged ;  and  that,  were  he  shot,  the 
generality  would  think  there  were  favorable  circum- 
stances entitleing  him  to  notice  and  lenity.  His  ob- 
servations convinced  them  that  there  would  be  an 
impropriety  in  granting  the  Major*s  request,  while 
tenderness  prevented  its  being  divulged. 

When  Major  Andre  was  led  out  to  the  place  of 
execution,  as  be  went  along  he  bowed  himself  ftunil- 


vien. 


# 


.  -3  .    lTLiw 


■:^M''J:^V' ■■*^- 


^xTP^nl^'- 


NORTH  AMERICA.  179 

iafly  to  all  those  with  whom  he  had  been  acquainted 
in  his  confinement.  A  smile  of  complacency  ex- 
pressed the  serene  fortitude  of  his  mind.  Upon  see- 
ing the  preparations  at  the  fatal  spot,  he  asked  with 
emotion,  "  Must  I  die  in  this  manner  V*  He  was 
told  it  was  unavoidable.  He  replied,  "  I  am  recon- 
ciled to  my  fate,  but  not  to  the  mode." — Soon  after, 
recollecting  himself,  he  added,  "  It  will  be  but  a  mo- 
mentary pang  ;"  and  spriHging  upon  the  cart,  he  per- 
formed the  last  oiTiccs  to  himself  with  a  composure 
tliat  excited  the  admiration,  and  melted  the  hearts  of 
itll  the  spectators.  Being  told  the  final  moment  was 
at  hand,  and  asked  if  he  had  any  thing  to  say,  he  an- 
sw/ered,  **  Nothing  but  to  request  you  will  witness  to 
the  world,  that  I  die  like  a  brave  man."  He  died 
universally  esteemed  and  regretted. 


Memorable  Events  Recorded  in  ikis  Chapter. 


ti 


I 


The  British  operations  against  Georgia,     A.  D.  1778 
The  affairs  of  the  United  ^States  in  a  deplorable 

condition,  -  -  .  do. 

Gen.  Lincoln  sent  to  So a(h  Carolina,         •        do. 
(ien.  A-she  surprised  and  defeated,        -        -    1779 


180 


THE  EISTOBY  OP 


Sir  Hemy  Ctioton  takes  Stoney-point,       -        177t 
Count  d'EstauDg  sails  from  the  WeBt'Iiidies  for 

the  American  coast,  •  »  do. 

^he  Americans  and  French  repulsed  at  Sa- 

Tannah,  -  -  •  •  -  do* 
Waslungton^s  army  in  distress  for  want  of  bread,  do. 
Charleston  taken  by  the  British  forces,  -  do. 
Gen.  Tarleton  defeats  Col.  Buford,         -  1780 

A  French  fleet  with  troops  arrive  at  Newport,  do. 
TreiUy  signed  between  Holland  and  America,  do. 
,£arl  Cornwaliis  deieats  General  Gates,  •  do. 
Major  Andre  taken  and  executed  as  a  Spy,  do. 
Qen.  Arnold  makes  hb  escape  on  board  the 
,     British  sloop  of  war  Vulture)       -        -      ^.  - 


m 


Jw  .■•-1    I 


■*<b 


MMtlli 


NOR'm  AlSEBtCA. 


ux 


CHAPTER  IX. 


Sir  Hemy  ClintoB,  on  Oie  iMh  of  Ootobef, 
17B0,  in  obedieace  io  the  tttdere  sent  him  to  prow- 
<5Vte  the  var  with  vigor  in  North  CaroUna  and  Vir- 
ginia, dispatched  General  Leslie  from  New-YoA  to 
the  bay  of  Chesapeake,  with  near  3060  choice  troeps. 
fie  was  to  co-operate  wtth  Lord  Comwallis,  who  wis 
expected  to  be  ht  edranced  towards,  if  not  to  bay^ 
FPfichf  d  Virginia.  In  a  few  days,  the  fleet 
in  the  bay,  and  the  troop's  were  landed  in 
parts  of  Virginia. 

On  the  20tfa  of  Jtine,  the  French  and  Spanish  fleets 
formed  a  junction  m  the  West  Indies.  They  amount- 
ed to  thirty-six  sail  of  the  line,  which  with  tlieir  miit- 
ed  land  forces,  formed  such  an  apparent  superiorityi 
as  nothing  in  those  seas  or  islands  seemed  capable 
of  resisting ;  but  the  Spanish  troops  being  too  mpch 
crowded  on  board  tlieir  titin^orta,  together  with  Q» 


t 


■  •■'I 


LaiHUiaiiiiMta 


^^^^m^Hl^jm 


THE  HISTORT  OF 

length  of  ilie  Toyage,  the  change  of  climate  and  d!e(, 
and  other  circumstances,  a  most  mortal  and  conta- 
Ipous  disorder  was  generated,  which  first  infected 
their  own  seamen,  and  at  length  spread,  though  not 
with  80  fatal  an  effect,  through  the  French  fleet  and 
land  forces.  Besides  the  great  mortality  on  the  pas- 
jsage,  the  Spaniard!  landed  1200  sick  on  their  first 
arrival  at  Dominique,  i^nd  a  much  greater  number 
Afterwards  at  Cluadaloupe  and  Martinico.  Thus  the 
i^pirit  of'enterpize  was  damped,  and  some  part  of 
their  strength  diminished. 

In  the  month  of  September,  Mr.  Laurens  was 
taken  on  his  way  from  America  to  Holland,  on  the 
banks  of  Newfoundland.  A  packet  of  papers  being 
jlhrown  overboard,  and  not  sinking  suddenly  was  s^y- 
e^^  the  boldness  and  dexterity  of  an  English  sai- 
loir,  aid  most  of  them  were  recovered  from  the 
effects  of  the  water.  On  his  arrival  in  England,  he 
was  committed,  upon  a  charge  of  high  treason  as  a 
state  prisoner  in  the  Tower,  under  an  order  signed 
by  the  three  secretaries  of  state.  By  the  medium  of 
his  papers,  administiation  came  to  the  knowledge  of 
the  eventual  treaty  cf  amity  and  commerce  between 
America  and  Holland. 


•  Ib  ooBBequenoe  of  thiK  diseoteiy,  strong  teinon<* 
stnmces  iterC  idade  to  the  States  General ;  but  as  no 
vatisfaetory  answer  was  returned,  Snr  Josep^  Yorke 
ieceived  orders  to  withdraw  from  the  Hague ;  and^ 
on  the  SOth  of  Oecembev,  general  reprisals  were  issu? 
fd  against  the  shipi>  goedB^  and  subjects^  of  the  States 
General. 

*     On  the  1 2th  of  January,  I7ffl,  General  Greene's 

'^frodps  consisted  of  about  eleven  hundred.     Tbe 

''ftest  day,  Colonel  Lee's  partizan  legion  arrii  ;d  from 

the   northward,  xonsisting  of  Jtbout   one  hundred 

lorgemen,    and  one  hundred  and  twenty  infantry ; 

wd  on  the  18tb  the  legion  was  detached  on  a  secret 

,r0xpedition.    They  pushed  on  for  Georgetov^  wWe 

they  surprised  several  officers,  and  took  them  pria- 

.jOners.    Major  Irvln,  and  many  more  of  the  garrison 

,.^ere  l^illedj  but  th^  principaljMirt  fled  to  tl|(|S|V)rt, 

which  Lee  was  not  in  a  condition,  to  besiege,    wliile 

$  iybis  enterprise  was  carrying  on,  the  «i|emy  aimed  #* 

%  ,|rfow  at  Mor|g^,  who  wa^  advised  by  Greene  not  to 

n.  fibk  too  much. 

General  Leslie,  in  compliance,  with  his  orders  lefV 
-yirginia,  and  arrived  at  Charleston,  and  joined  lord 
Cprnwallis  who  wished  to  drive  General  Morgan 


..«£» 


* 


1«4  'fBE  HISTOUT  69 

fironihiB  statloQ  and  to  deter  the  IshabitaBtB  frOttr 
joitdBg  him.  The  enecution  of  this  btuiness  wm 
entnn^  to  LieuteBant-Colonel  Tarieton,  who  wa# 
detached  witti  about  eleren  hundred  men  for  that 
purpose.  On  the  17th  of  January,  Tarleton  came 
up  with  Morgan,  when  an  action  commenced« 
which  terminated  in  the  almost  total  defeat  of 
Tarietoii« 

^Far^eton  was  vtrf  much  censnred  for  his  conduct 
in  this  battle;  which  he  was  supposed  to  have  lost  by 
his  liu  officcrilke  impetuosity.  Lord  Comwallis, 
with  the  expectations  of  regaining  the  prisoners,  and^ 
demolishing  Morgan's  corps,  instantly  concluded  oi» 
a  pursuit,  wliich  Morgan  was  aware  of,  and  took  his 
measures  accordingly*  ■,m$m: 

On  the  31st  of  January,  Greene  succeeded  Mo|^ 
{^n  lAiic  command  of  the  Southern  army,  when  a' 
jkicd  of  inilitary  race  began  between  the  pursuing 
British  and  the  fleeing  Americans ;  but  Greene  got 
Off  before  Comwallis  could  overtake  him. 

Lord  Comwallis,  being  afterwards  eonTineed 
lirom  Greene's  moyements,  that  he  Intended  to  ven- 
ture an  engagement,  on  the  1 4th  of  May  sent  off  his 
baggage  under  a  proper  escort,  and  the  aezt  momlbg; 


. '    .J!^fea^rf«il^ia^iii.L-*^-t..^^Wiji**Xj'ji!i,^«fi 


■^sw.ii-iifitieafa^-w^'^fcfe*"*!*  m 


^^■■^;»w>tin*Mj  '•' 


NORTH  AMERICA. 


M 


at  daj-break,  marched  with  the  remainder  of  bia 
army,  amouDtingto  about  twenty  four  hundred  men, 
chiefly  troops  grown  veteran  in  victory,  elUier  to 
meet  Greene  on  the  way,  or  attack  him  in  his  en^ 
Campment. 

''  The  battle  took  place  near  Guilford  Coort- House ; 
(ind  after  a  hard  struggle  of  near  two  hours,  the 
Americans  retreated  in  good  order  to  the  Reedy 
Fork,  and  crossed  the  river,  about  three  miles  from 
the  field  of  action.  Greene  kist  his  artillery,  and 
two  ammunition  waggons,  the  greatest  part  of  the 
horses  being  kilted  before  the  retreat  began. 

;  In  the  month  of  February,  reprisals  having  been 
ebmmenced  against  the  Dutch,  Rodney  and  Vangban^ 
received  instructions  from  Great-BpiSin  to  direct  < 
their  views  to  the  reduction  of  tha  Dutch  island  of 
Bt  Eustatla.    The  British  fleet  andf  May  qilpred. 
tlyere,  and  surrounded  it  with  a  great  force^    Rodney 
ap^vVaughan  sent  a  p^iremptory  summons  to  the^ 
Governor,  to  surrender  the  ishmd  and  its  depend^n- . 
cies  witliin  an  hour,  accompanied  with  a  threat,  that 
if  any  resistance  was  made,  he  must  abide  the  con- 
sequences.   Mons.  de  Praaff,  totally  ignorant  of  the 

m^lnr?  between  Great- Britain  and  BoIIaod^'eould 

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laa  THE  HISTORY  OP      ' 

scarcely  believe  tHe  ofiBcer  who  detivered  the  suja- 
mons,  to  be  serious. — l^e  returned  for  answer,  that 
being  utterly  incapable  of  making  any  defence,  he 
must  of  necessity  surrender,  only  recommending  the  ^ 
town  and  inhabitants  to  the  clemency  of  the  Britisli 
commanders.    The  wealth  of  the  place  excited  the 
rstonis?iment  of  the  conquerors ;  the  whole  island 
seemed  to  be  one  great  magazine.    The  store  houses  ^ 
wiere  filled  with  various,  commodities,  and  the  very  ^ 
beach  was  covered  with  hogsheads  of  sugar  and<k 
tobacco.      The  value  was  estimated  considerably 
above  three  millions  sterling.    But  this  was  only  a 
part;  for  above  one  hundred  and  fifty  vessels  of 
&!1    dc^omtnations,    many  of  them  richly  ladeni^^^ 
were  captured  in  the  bay,  exclusive  of  a  Dutch  fri-  . 
isate  of  3a  gifna^  >and  five  smaller.    The  neighboring 
smali^  isles  of  St.  Martin  and  Seba  were  reduced  hat 
the  same  mmn^t\  '"^ 

Rodney  being  informed,  that  a  fleet  of  about  3^  _ 
large  ships,  all  richly  laden,  with  sugar  and  othet 
West-India  commodities,  had  sailed  from  Eustatia 
for  llolland  just  before  his  arrival,  under  convoy  of 
a  iiag  ship  of  sixty  guns,  he  dispatched  the  Monarch, 
and  Panther,  witih  the  Sybel  frigate  in  pursuit  of 
them,    These  soon  overtook  the  convoy,  when  th,e 


kat 
he 

:b& 
isk^ 
the 
ind 

iseSiS  " 
cry' 
end. 
ibly 

3y  a 
s  of 

[deiii 

ring 

Id  \xk 


36 
>their 
tatia 


■»?'. 


of 
iarch 
lit  oF 

th,e 


KOR'FH  AMERICA.  l«t 

Hutch  Admiral  refusing  to  strike  his  colors^  and  all 
remonstrances  proving  inefectual,  a  short  engage^ 
ment  took  place,  between  his  ship,  the  Mars  and  the 
Monarch.  He  died  in  defence  of  his  sliip,  when  she 
instantly  struck,  and  the  whole  convoy  was  taken. 

The  keeping  of  Dutch  colors  flying  at  Eustatia^ 
rendered  it  for  some  time  a  decoy  to  French,  Putch,^ 
and  £\merican  ressels,  a  considerable  number  of 
which  fell  accordingly  into  the  hands  of  the  conquer^ 
•rs  without  trouble. 

Preparations  began  to  be  made,  on  the  21st  of 
June,  for  the  army  under  General  Washington  Uh. 
take  the  field.  The  Americans  marched  towards 
White  Plains,  where  they  were  joined  by  the  French^ 
^oops  under  Rochambeatu 

Sir  George  Rodney  in  eonsec^uenee  of  informal 
tion  concerning  \he  French  fleet  under  the  Oonnt  de»' 
Grasse,  detached  the  Admirals  Sir  Samuel  Hood  and) 
Drake,  with  seventeen  sail  of  the  Kne,  to  cruise  off 
Fort  Royal  for  the  purpose  of  intercepting  him.  Oir 
the  28th  of  April,  some  of  sir  Samuefs  headmost 
ships  returned  hastily  in  sight,  and  with  signate  an* 
sounced  the  appearance  of  &  superior  fleet,  and  & 
oumeroos  convoy,  to  the  windward  of  Pomt  SaUnea^ 


i^ 


•Mi'" 


^ 


\ 


fstr 


THE  HISTORY  ©P 


The  admiral  made  a  signal  for  a  general  chase  t^j, 
wind  ward,  and  at  night  it  was   deteruiioed  by  the 
admirals  to  continue  the  line  ahead,  so  that  getting  aa  ^ 
much  as  possible  to  windward,  they  might  close  in 
with  Fort  Royal  at  day  light,  and  cut  olf  the  enem^ 
from  the  harbor. 

In  the  morning  the  French  appeared,  their  con^ 
▼oy  keeping  close  in  with  the  land,  while  Count  de^ 
Grasse  drew  up  his  fleet  in  a  Use  of  battle  for  their ^ 
protection.    Admiral  Hood  used  every  manoeuvre  t(K 
bring  him  to  action ;  but  he  being  to  windward,  and^^ 
so  having  the  choice,  preff  rrsd  a  long  shot  distance^ 
A  partial  engagement  ensued.    The  van  and  4^^ 
nearest  ships  in  the  centre  of  the  British,  were  expos»-y 
ed  to  a  long  and  heavy  weight  of  fire,  in  their  strug^i^ 
gles  to  close  the   'reucb,  and  get  to  the  windward ^^ 
luit  suffered  principally  in  their  masts,  hulls,  and  rigr  ^ 
ging.    The  action  lasted  about  three  bours^  j^lieiin 
Admiral  Hood  perceiving,  that  not  one  shot  in  fen 
reached  the  French,  and  that  his  attempts  to  gain  the; 
wind  were  fruitless,  ceased  firing  and  the  Britis]^  ^9^k^ 
bore  away  for  Antigua.  ,. 

Let  us  now  return  to  the  transactions  under  Lord^ 
Corawallis.     One  great  object  of  Uie  British  force  > 


^M^^iM^Mi^^'li^.tiSmii^ 


'r^:.:r'-spsrS!^'g^(*T"T^^^^^^ 


f^mij&^a-LM.  -  -  "f^'t^^ik 


wm. 


wmm 


NORTH  AMERKTA.  199 

was  the  establishment  of  a  strong  post  and  pUee  of 
arms,  and  such  as  might  render  them  perfectly  maif- 
ters  of  Chesapeake  Bay,  and  therefore  they  repaired 
to  York-Town  and  Gloucester. 

The  American  and  French  armies  continued  their: 
march  from  the  northward,  till  they  arrived  at  the 
head  of  Elk ;  and  within  an  hour  after,  they  received 
im  express  from  Count  de  Grasse,  with  the  joyful 
account  of  bis  arrival  and  situatfon.  By  the  15th  of 
September,  all  the  troops  were  arrived  and  landed 
at  Wiiiiamsburgh,  and  preparations  were  immediate- 
ly made  with  all  possible«dispatch  for  putting  the 
army  in  a  situation  to  move  down  towards  Yorji:- 
Town. 

'  On  the  50th  of  September,  lord  Cornwallis  wa» 
closely  invested  in  York-Town.  The  trenches 
were  opened  by  the  combined  armies  on  the  6th  ot 
October,  at  sixty  yards  distance  from  Cornwallis* 
works.  On  the  9th  they  opened  their  batteries,  and 
continued  firing  all  night,  without  intermission. — 
The  next  morning  the  French  opened  their  batteries 
en  the  left,  and  a  tremendous  roar  of  cannon  and 
mortars  was  coutinued  for  six  or  eight  hvma,  without 
ceasiikg. 


'SiPPPiiiPipiiPfP 


wpiiiJM  iiijypm 


1 


td§  IPHE  HISfORT  OF- 

'   The  French  and  Americans  cODtiuiied  to  eKitf  ^M 
ttic  siege  with  great  sueeest. 

^  On  the  16th  their  several  batteries  were  covered 
Y^ith  near  one  hundred  pieces  of  heavy  ordnance ; 
While  th«  British  works  weraeo  destroyed  that  thtey 
^uld  BOftre^ly  show  a  single  gnn.  Thus  was  lord 
Cornwallis  reduced  to  the  necessity  of  preparing  for 
k  lurreuder,  or  of  attempting  an  escape.  He  detei** 
toiiied  u[)on  the  latter.  BbttU  were  prepared  under 
different  pretences,  for  the  reception  of  the  troops  by 
ten  o'clock  at  night,  in  oinler  to  pass  them  over  ta 
d^Ioucester- Point.  The  .arrangements  were  made 
with  the  utmost  secrecy.  The  intention  was  to 
abandon  the  baggage,  and  to  leave  a  diBtachmeiif 
behind  to  capitulate  for  the  town's  people^  and  foi 
tlie  sick  and  wounded,  bis  lordsbip  having  already 
prepared  a  letter  on  the  subject,  to  be  delivered  i» 
Creneral  Washisigton,  after  his  departure.  The  first 
embarkation  had  arrived  at  Gloucester- Pointy, anc( 
the  greater  part  'of  the  troops  were  already  landed^ 
when  tbe  weather,  which  was  before  moderate  and 
ealm^  instantly  changed  into  a  most  violent  atorm  of 
wind  and  raiai  The  boats  with  the  remaining Iroopt 
were  all  driven  down  the  river,  and  the  design  of 
p?!ssing  over  was  not  only  entirely  frustrated,  but  the 


'■ij^mMmi. 


^ibgsnce  of  the  boats  rendered  it  impossible  to  bring 
back  the  troops  from  Gloucest^r.-rTbiis  weakenecl 
and  divided,  the  army  was  in  no  small  danger.--* 
HoweTer,  the  boats  returned,  and  the  troops  were 
brought  back  in  the  course  of  the  forenoon,  with  rer]^ 
little  loss,  ^  . 

Things  were  now  hastening  to  a  period,  which 
could  be  no  longer  protracted ;  for  the  British 
works  were  sinking  und^r  the  weight  of  the  French 
and  American  artillery.  AH  hopes  of  relief  froiu 
New- York  were  over,  and  the  strength  and  spirits 
of  the  royal  army  were  broken  down  and  exhausted 
by  their  constant  and  unremitting  fatigoe. — Mattcnr 
being  in  this  situation,  on  the  17th  of  October,  lord 
^^rnwaUis  sent  out  a  flag  with  a  letter  to  Generai 
^Washington,  requesting  a  cessation  of  arms,  fof 
^enty-four  hours,  and  that  commissioners  might  be' 
appointed  for  digesting  the  terms  of  capitulation.' 
Commissioners  were  accordingly  appointed ;  and 
on  the  side  of  the  allies,  were  Viscount  de  Noailles, 
and  Lieutenant- Colonel  Laurens,  whose  father  was 
in  close  confinement  in  the  Tower  of  London, 
while  the  son  was  drawing  up  articles,  by  which  an 
English  nobleman  and  a  British  army  became  pri- 
aohers. 


tass* 


ip  OSRE  filBTORT  OF 

On  (he  19th  of  October,  the  posts  of  York-Towfl 
find  Gloucester  were  sarrendered.  The  honor  of 
viarching  out  with  colors  flying,  which  had  been  de- 
Mied  to  General  Lincoln,  was  now  refused  to  lord 
Comwallis,  and  Lincoln  was  appointed  to  receive 
the  submission  of  the  royal  army  at  York-Town, 
precisely  in  the  same  way  his  own  had  been  con- 
ducted about  eighteen  months  before.  The  troops 
that  surrendered  prisoners  exceeded  seven  thour 
sand ;  but  so  great  was  the  number  of  sick  ani3 
wounded,  that  there  were  only  three"  thousand  and 
eight  hundred  capable  of  doing  duty.  The  officers 
and  soldiers  x^tained  their  baggage  and  effects. 
Fifteen  hundred  seamen  shared  the  same  fate  as  the 
garrison.  The  Guadaloupe  Frigate  of  44  guns,  and 
a  number  of  transports,  were  surrendered  to  the  con- 
querors.— ^About  twenty  transports  had  been  sunk 
or  burnt  during  the  siege.  The  land  forces  became 
prisoners  to  i.he  Americans ;  but  the  seamen  and 
Sfhips  were  assigned  to  the  French  Admiral.  The 
Americans  obtained  a  fine  train  of  artillery,  con- 
sisting of  seventy- five  pieces  of  brass  ordnance,,  and 
suty-nine  iron  cannon,  howitzers,  and  mortars. 

On  the  244h  of  October,  a  fleet  destined  for  the  re- 
fi^o"loMl  Comwallis  arrived  off  the  Chesapeake; 


■k 


'-*■ 


* 


m 


wmssm 


NORTH  AMERICA. 


1»3 


%ut  on  receiving  the  news  of  his  surrender,  they  re- 
lurned  to  Nf  York.  The  fleet  consisted  of  twenty^ 
five  ships  of  the  line,  two  fifties,  and  eight  frigates. — 
When  they  appeared  off  the  Chesapeake,  the  French;" 
nude  no  manner  of  movement,  though  they  had  36 
ships  of  the  line,  being  perhaps  satisfied  ^  with  their 
present  success.  Every  argument  and  persuasion, 
was  used  with  tlte  Count  de  Grasse  to  induce  him  to 
aid  the  combined  army  in  an  operation  against ' 
Cli&fleston;  but  the  advanced  reason,  the  orders  of 
his  court,  ^nd  his  own  engagements  to  <be  punctual 
to. a  certain  time,  fixed  for  his  future  operation,  pre- 
vented his  compliance.  His  instructions  had  fixed 
his  departure  on  the  I5th  of  October,  and  he  had  al- 
idy  exceeded  that .  time.  On  the  27th  the  troops 
tder  the  Marquis  St  Simon  began  to  embark  for 
thf<  West  Indies,  and  the  about  tlie  15thofNov«m« 
t)€r  de  Grasse  sailed  from  the  Chesapeake. 

MtinorabU  Events  Recorded  in  this  Chapter. 

ISir  Henry  Clinton  sends  3000  troops  to  the 

bay  of  Chesapeake,    -        -        -        A.D.   1780 

The  French  and  Spanish  fleets  form  a  junc- 

tioB^in  the  West-Indies,         -        -    .    .        do. 
R 


.-.-.■i,  «-^.,/ 


rvT'  ■;  -^  /■  t 


1Q5 


THE  HISTORY  OF 


Bfr.  Laurens  taken  in  his  passage  to  Hoi* 
landy        -        •        -        ••        • 

Sir  Joseph  Torke  leayes  the  Hague, 

Lieutenant  Colonel  Tarleton  detached  after 
Creneral  Morgan  by  whom  he  is  defeat- 
ed, -        -        -        •!• .      -         A.  D. 

Sir  George  Rodney  and  General  Vaughan 
take  St.  Eustatia,  St.  Martins,  and^eba, 

The  French  troops  join  the  Americans  un- 
der "Wasbington,  -  -  i 

Bit  Samuek  Hood  and  Count  de  Grasse  en- 
gage, 

Iwbrd  ComwaHis  repiurs  to  YoA'Town  and 
Gloucester,  -  -  - 

TH)  obliged  to  capitulate,.and  isurrender  York- 
Town  and  Gloucester, 

Df  Grasse  saiteior  the  Y/est Indies, 


do. 

I.* 

m 

1T81. 
do.  ^ 

do. 
ckK 


de. 
da 


VrOIRTH  AMEKIOA. 


119 


H 


CHAPTER  X, 


On  the  27th  of  November,  the  KingofEnt^ 
htod  went  tv  the  house  of  peers,  and  opened  the  ses- 
sions of  parliament.  Warm  debates  took  place  an 
aecoUnt  of  the  ruinous  manner  in  which  the  Ameri- 
oan  war  was  continued ;  but  Lord  Northand  his  par- 
ty,  who  thought  they  had  not  yet  carried  things  far 
enough,  maintained  a  considerable i  majority  in  the 
nouse  of  commons.  Mr.  Burke  had  made  several 
mations  relative  ig  t^e  release  of  Mr^  Lauren?  frpm 
Ihe  tower.  However,  at  length,  Mr.  Laurens  was 
brought  before  Lord  Mansfield,  on  the  last  day  of 
the  year,  in  copseq^uence  of  an  order  from  the  secre- 
tary of  state,  and  was  discharged  !ipon  certain  con- 
ditions. 

The  naval  force  of  France  and  Spain  In  the  West- 
Indies,  in  the  month  of  Fe{)ruary,  1782,  amounted 
to  60  ships  of  the  line,  and  their  land  forces  when 


U&: 


i^r 


^ 


■ri(«-"'7ww*^' 


f»6 


THE  HISTORY  OF 


joined  ttouM  have  formed  a  considerable  army. 
Jamaica  had  no  more  than  six  incomplete  battallions- 
of  regular  troops  and  the  militia  of  the  island  to  de- 
fend it;  and  therefore  in  case  of  attack,  must  have 
been  soon  conquored.  The  arrival  of  feir  Geofjgc 
Rodney  with  twelve  sail  of  the  line  at  Barbadoe?, 
and  his  subsequent  junction' with  Sir  Samuel  Hood'a 
squadron,  together  with  tlie  arrival  of  three  ships  of 
the  line  from  England  a  few  days  afterwards,  perhaps 
proif  klentially  saved  Jamaica  from  falling  into  the 
hands  of  the  enemy.  The  English  fleet  at  St.  Lucia 
amountlijg  to  thirty  sis:  ships  of  the  line,  and  the 
force  under  de  Grasse  at  Martinico  to  thirty-four. 
The  metal  of  tlie  French  is  always  heavier  than  that 

of  the  English,  in  equal  rates^  so  that  in  this  point 
the  French  had  the  advantage. 

The  van  of  the  British  fleet  was  commanded  by 
Sir  Samuel  Hood,  the  centre  by  Sir  George  Rodney 
and  the  rear  by  admiral  Sir  Frances  Drake. — The 
three  divisions  of  the  French  fleet  were  under 
Count  de  Grasse,  Mons.  de  Vftudreuil,^  and  Mons.  c!e 


Bougainville. 


ui 


On  the  8*h  of  April,  the  Ftcnch  flieet  began  to 
turn  out  of  Fort  Royal  harbor  early  in  the  morning; 


/" 


^"^^^^-wm 


NORTH  AMERICA. 


1S7 


with  a  great  conroy  under  their  protection,  all  bound 
to  the  French  or  Spanish  porta  in  Hispaniola.  De 
Gra&se,  in  order  to  a?oid  an  encounter  on  his  pas^ 
sage,  meant  to  keep  close  in  under  the  islands,  MO 
he  had  eluded  the  pursuit  of  the  English.  Eowerer 
their  departure  from  the  bay  was  so  speedily  com- 
municated fiy  signals  from  the  frigates,  and  the  Eng- 
lish fleet  was  in  nuch  excellent  preparation,  that  all 
the  ships  were  clear  of  Gross  Iblet-Bay  by  noon,  anil 
pursued  with  the  utmost  expedition  :  so  that  the 
French  saved  only  a  few  hours,  by  beiu^  masters  of 
the  time  of  departure.  The  English  gained  sight  of 
fhew  under  Dominique  at  night,  and  afterwards  re- 
gulated the  pursuit  by  signals. 

Early  the  next  mornings  Count  de  Grasse  formed 
the  line  of  battle,  and  thereby  a£forded  an  opportuni- 
ty to  his  convoy  for  proceeding,  on  their  course, 
while  he  remained  to  abide  the  consequences. — ^l''he 
van  of  the  English  fleet  first  closed  with  the  French 
centre,  while  the  English  centre  and  rear  were  be« 
Calmed.  The  action  commenced  about  nine  o'clock 
on  the  ninth.  The  Barfleur,  Sir  Samuel  Hood's  own 
ship,  had  at  times  seven,  and  generally,  three  ships 
firing  upon  her,  and  none  of  the  division  escaped 
«neoaaterin£  a  disproportionate  focce.     The  firm 


M- 


*^ 


>^:yi 


IPiiiiiniiPiPiipmiii^^ 


19C 


THE  HISTORY  OP 


and  efiectaal  resistance  with  which  thej  supported 
all  the  efforts  of  the  enemy's  superiority,  was  to  the 
highuJt  degree  glorious. — At  length  the  leading  ships 
of  the  centre  were  enabled  to  eome  up  to  their  as- 
'  'distance.    These  were  soon  followed  by  Sir  George 
Rodney  in  the  Formidable,  with  his  seconds  the 
Namur  and  the  Duke,  all  of  ninety  guns ;  they  made 
and  supported  a  most  trenoendous  fire.    De  Grasse 
now  changed  the  nature  of  the  action,  and  kept  at 
Euch  a  distance  during  the  remainder  of  the  engage- 
ment,  as  might  prevent  any  thing  decisive  happen- 
ing.—rThe  rest  of  the  English  fleet  coming  up,  de 
Grasse  withdrew  his  ships  from  the  action,  and  evad- 
ed all  the  efforts  of  the  English  commanders  fof  its 
renewal.    Two  of  the  French  ships,  were  so  dai»»> 
aged  that  they  were  obliged  to  quit  the  fleet,  and 
put  into  Guadaloupe.     On  the  side  of  the  Elnglish  the 
Royal  Oak  and  the  Montague  suffered  extremely  , 
but  they  were  capable  of  being  repaired  at  sea,  so  as 
BOt  to  be  under  the  necessity  of  quitting  the  fleet. 

On  the  11th  the  French  fleet  weathered  Guada- 
loupe, and  gained  such  a  distance,  that  ^e  body  of 
their  fleet  could  only  be  descried  from  the  mast-heads 
of  the  British  centre,  and  all  hopes  ef  Sir  George 
Rodney's  coming  up  with  them  seemed  to  be  at «»» 


iS'-/'t*'.a--. 


NORTH  AMERICA. 


19ir 


end.  In  this  critical  situation,  one  of  the  Frendr 
ships,  which  hhd  suffered  in  the  action,  was  perceiv- 
ed about  noon,  to  fall  off  considerably  from  the  rest 
of  the  fieet  to  leeward.  This  produced  signals  from 
the  English  admiral  for  a  general  chase,  which  was 
80  vigorous  that  the  Agamemnon,  and  some  others 
of  the  headmost  of  the  English  line,  were  coming 
up  so  fast  with  this  ship  that  she  would  assuredly  have 
been  cut  off  before  evening  had  not  her  signals  and 
inmiinent  danger  induced  de  Grasse  to  bear  down 
with  his  whole  fleet  to  her  assistance.  This  move- 
,,  ment  put  it  out  of  the  power  of  the  French  to  avoid 

,  fighting.  The  pursuing  English  fell  back  into  their 
^{ation,  and  a  close  line  was  formed.  The  French  also' 
prepared  ipr  battle  with  the  greatest  resolution,  anci^ 

.  the  night  passed  in 

'^''  About  seven  o'clock  in  the  morning,  of  the  I2i\t 
'  ^  of  April,  the  battle  commenced,  and  was  continued? 
with  unremitting  fury  until  near  the  same  hour  in  the 
evening.  As  the  English  came  up,  they  ranged 
slowly  along  the  French  line,  and  ck>se  under  the« 
lee.  Being  so  near  every  shot  took  effect,  and  the 
FreMii  ships  being  so  full  of  men,  the  carnage  ia«. 
^>  them  was  prodigious.  The  Formidable^  Admiral 
Rodney's  ship,  fired  near  eighty  broadsides,  and  il 


tiam  QP  both  sides. 


b4I 


«w 


THE  HISTORY  OP 


raty  be  supposed  the  rest  were  not  idle.  The  French 
•tood  and  returned  tbie  dreadful  fire  with  the  ut- 
most firmness,  each  side  fighting,  as  if  the  honor  amV 
fiite  of  their  country  were  that  day  to  be  diecided. 

Sir  George  Rodney  in  the  Formidable,  with  his 
seconds  the  Namur  and  the  Duke,  and  immediate- 
ly supported  by  tlie  Canada,  between  twelve  add 
one  o'clock,  hove  directly  and  with  full  sail  athwart 
the  French  line  and  successfully  broke  ^ro\  ^boiit 
three  ships  short  of  the  centre,  where  Count  du 
Grasse  commanded  in  the  Ville  de  Paris  of  1 10  guns. 
Being  followed  and  supported  by  the  remainder  of 
his  division,  and  wearing  round  close  about  the  en-* 
«my,  he  eflFectually  separated  their  line.  This  bold 
adventure  proved  decisive.  The  battle  lasted  t^J 
sunset,  for  the  French  fought  with  the  greatest  bra? 
¥€ry..  ^        ' 

The  British  fleet  having  now  gained  the  wind  of 
ttie  French,  their  general  confireion  was  completed. 
Hood's  division  bad  been  long  becalmed  and  kept 
out  of  action ;  but  his  head  ships  and  part  of  his  cen- 
tre, as  far  at  least  as  the  Barfieur,  which  he  himself 
-  «ommanded,  came  up  at  this  juncture,  and  contribut- 
ed, tp  render  the  victory  more  decisive.    The  Ceesari^ 


JftSji'*. 


NORTH  AMERICA. 


201 


Crforieux,  anil  Hector,  sood  struck  their  colors^ 
but  Bot  till  after  they  had*  made  the  most  noble  dc^ 
i^Dce. 

Count  de  Grasste  was  nobfy  supported  even  aft^r' 
the  line  was  broken  ;<  and  the  Diadem,  a  74,  went 
down  by  a  single  broadside,  in  a  general  exertion  to 

'  sate  him.  The  YiHe  de  Paris  was  almost  reduced 
to  a  wreck,  but  d^  Qrasae  still  held  out.    At  length 

'  Hood  in  the  Barfleur  apj^acbed  hira  just  at  sunset,, 
and  poured  in  a  noost  destructiTe  fire.  The  Villa 
de  Paris  supported  all  these  shocks  for  a  quarter  ef 
an  hour  after,  when  she  struck  to  Sir  Samuel  Hoo^. 
It  was  said,  that  at  the  time  she  struck,  there  were 
but  three  men  left  alire  and  unhurt  on  the  upper 
deck,  and  that  the  Count  was  one  of  them. 

The  Cassar  was  unfortunately  set  on  fire,  and  blew 
up  in  the  night  of  the  action.  A  lieutenant  and 
fift|^  English  seamen  perished,  with  about  four  hun* 

^^d  prisoners.  The  nimiber  of  the  French  slain  in 
this  en^gement,  and  that  of  the  9th,  was  computed 
at  three  thousand,  and  near  double  that  number 

<;frouDded.  The  small  superiority  of  British  ships,  in 
point  of  numbers,  contributed  nothing  to  the  success 
•f  the  day,  as  more  of  Hood's  diTision  than  that  dBI- 


jHi2  THJE  HISTORY  OP 

ference  amounted'  tOf  were  preyented  coming  into- 
action^  through  the  want  of  wind.  'She  whole  los» 
of  the  English,  in  killed  and  wounded  in  the  two 
actions,  was  stated  only  at  one  thousand  and  fifty, 
of  which  tvro  hundred  and  fifty- three  were  lulled  (^n 
the  spot.  ^ 

In  t))9  ViRe  ^e  Parl»  were  found  thlrty-six  ohesta  of 
money,  destined  to  pay  die  suheistence  of  the  troops 
in  the  designed' attack  on  Jamaica,  ^r  Samue^ 
Hood  being  sent  In  pursuit  of  the  scattered  enen^, 
en  the  19th  he  came  up  and  took  the  Jason  and^ 
-Canton,  of  Sixty-Four  guns  each,  and  two  FrigatesJ 

Thus  the  French  lost  eight  ships  of  the  line :  six- 
were  in  possession  of  the  English^  one  had  been 
sunk,  and  the  Cassar  blew  up  after  her  capture.--^ 
'She  English  haying  joined  off*  Cape  Tiberoon,  and 
the  French  having  no  force  to  the  windward,  Sir 
George  Rodney  proceeded- with  the  disabled  ships 
«nd  prises  to  Jamaica,  as  well  for  their  repair,  as  the 
■f^realer  security  of  the  Island,  should  the  combined 
'fleet  still  venture  upon  the  prosecution  of  their  form- 
er design.  6ir  Samuel  Hood  was  left  with  about 
twenty-fire  ships  of  the  line,  to  keep  the  sea,  and 
wati^h  the  motions  of  the  enenr^. 


NORTH  MIEWCA. 


363 


^t  118  now  return  to  North  America,  wkere  aU 
parties  seemed  to  be  heartHy  ti^ed  of  the  war.  On 
theSthofM^y,  Sir  Guy  Carleton  arrived  at  New- 
Yoik,  And  on  the  7th  he  wrote  to  General  Washmg- 
tdn,  and  sent  him  some  public  papers,  that  his  Ex^ 
ecllency  might  learn  from  them,  the  disposition  that 
prevailed  in  the  government  and  people  of  Great- 
Britain,  relative  to  the  uutiuog  of  a  peace  with 
America., 

The  Brit^h  administration  having  resolved  upon 
abandoning  all  offensive  operations  in  America,  the 
scheme  of  evacuating  all  the  weakest  posts  in  the 
United  States  was  adopted.  Accordingly,  on  the 
11th  of  July,  Savannah  was  evacuated,  and  the 
Americans  immediately  took  possession  of  it,  tha' 
wo|*ks  and  town  being  left  perfect. 

On  the  14th  of  December,  General  t^eslie,  who 
commanded  at  Charleston,  completed  the  embarka- 
iion  of  his  troops  md  quitted  that  town.  GenersA 
Wayne  with  the  legion  and  light  infantry,  had  been 
before  their  works  for  several  days,  by  order  of 
General  Greene.  It  was  hinted  to  him  from  General 
XesEe,  through  a  certain  medium,  that  if  they  were 


i.^ 


m 


I 


m... 


yf^iappwppw" 


204 


THE  HISTOOT  OP 


'#. 


permitted  to  embark  without   interruption,  every 
care  sbould  be  taken  for  the  preservation  of  the 
town.    Wayne  was  directed  to  accede,  to  the  propo- 
sal, the  British  also  agreeing  not  to  fire  on  the  town; 
after  getting  on  board.    The  conditions  being  fuHf 
understood  by  iioth  parties,  Charleston  was  evacuated 
and  possessed  without  the  least  confusion,  Mie  Amen-^ 
can  advance  following  close  on  Qie  British  rear.«> ,, 
The  €k>vemor  was  conducted  into  his  capital  the , 
same  day ;    th*^  civil  police  established ,  the  day  fol- 
lowing,  and  on  the  third,  the  town  was  l^ened  for 
business.    On  the  17th  (he  British  crossed  the  bar, 
and  went  lo  sea. 


y 


Every  thing  now  seemed  to  announce  tt}p  aa-. 
proach  of  peace.     The  American  Commi^sion^j;^  ^ 
Texpedited  the  negociation  with  tbie  utmost  assidiMti-^^ 
-and  on  the  30th  of  November,  provisional  articles 
were  agreed  upon  and  signed,  to  take  effect  wheih 
-ever  terms  of  peace  should  be  finally  settled  with 
the  court  of  France.     The  business  was  finished  so 
privately  and  unexpectedly  that  the  ministers  i^ni|,. 
ambassadors,  as  well  as  others  in  and  about  tibfi 
court  or  Versailles,  were  surprised  upon  hearing  the 


.:3'-j^.' 


'?>. 


NOftTH  AM£klCA> 


Mt 


ciaust  not  here  avoid  inentionhig  an  unrorto^ 
nate  event,  which  happened  at  the  close  of  the  still 
more  unfortunate  American  war.  Ten  men  of  war^ 
^eluding  Covnt  de  ixraase^s  ships,  with  a  large  fleet 
of  merchantmen  from  Jamaica,  suffered  exceedingly. 
hy  a  tremendous  gale  of  wind  off  Newfoundland,  on 
the  nth  of  September.  Hie  Ville  de  Paris  and  the 
Glorieux  foundered,  and  only  one  man  of  the  com^. 
plementof both  ships  escaped  to  tell  the  melancholy 
tale. — ^Tbe  Hector  also  sunk  i  but  being  descriet) 
in  time  by  a  snow  that  made  towards  them,  the  crew 
was  saved. — ^Tlie  Ramilies  went  down,  but  hi^r  peo- 
ple were  sav^d  by  the  merchantmen  in  company.. 
The  Centaur  was  likewise  lost,  and  all  her  company 
except  twelve,  with  Uie  captain,  who  got  into  the  ol^ . 
ly  remainiBg  boat.  They  traversed  a  space  of  near 
eight  hundred  miles  on  the  Atlantic  ocean,  wllhoAt 
compass  or  quadrant,  and  with  a  blanket  for  a  sail. 
They  had  only  two  biscuitB  divided  among  them 
every  twenty- four  hours  ;  and  as  much  water  during 
that  space  to  every  man  as  the  neck  of  a  wine  bottle 
broken  off  would  hold.  At  the  expiration  of  sixteen 
days  when  the  last  division  of  biscuit  and  water  bad 
been  made,  to  their  inexpressible  joy,  they  discover- 
ed the  Portuguese  Island  of  Faj^al,  where  tliey  safely 

S 


IPP 


mm»  uiiiijjiiiipiiiiiiippii 


^ 
) 


m 


tec 


THJe  HISTORY  OP 


«rri?ecl  at  ni^ht,  and  received  every  assistance  theijr 
melEDchoIy  eitoation  demanded. 


<.««i 


On  the  Sd  of  September,  1783,  the  definitive  trea- 
ties between  Great^'Britain,  France,  and  Spain,  were 
iligned  at  Versailles,  by  the  respective  plenipotenliih 
ries  authorised  for  that  purpose.  On  the  same  day, 
the  definitive  treaty  with  Great-Britain  and  the  Unit- 
ed States  of  America  was  illso  signed  at  Paris,  by 
David  Hartley,  Esq. "the  British  plenipotentiary,  and 
John  Adams,  Benjamin  Frankfin,  and  ^ybn  Jay,  the 
plenipotentiaries  of  the  said  states. 

,By  the  articles  of  this  treaty,  bis  Britannic  ma- 
jesty acknowledge  the  Independence  of  (he  Thirteen 
XTnited  States  of  America,  to  wit.  New- Hampshire, 
Massachusetts,  RhodeJsland,  Contiecticut,  New  York, 
New-Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Delaware,  Maryland,  Vir- 
H^inia^  North-Carolina,  Sonth-Oarolina,  and  Georgia. 
He  also  relinquished  all  claims  to  the  Government  of, 
tbe  said  States,  and  consented  to  treat  ,with  them  as 
a  free  and  Independent  iieople.  Their  boundaries 
were  also  settled,  and  they  were  allowed  the  liberty 
of  fishing  and  drying  fish  as  naaLoa  the  bajEJt&pf 
Kewfoundtand. 


R!  * 


^>  ■^**''**«'t1P"*^W^V^7^ 


NORTH  AMERICA. 


2«b- 


JXhe  parfttcatan  of  die  treaty  between  Great Bri<> 
tain,  France,  and  Spam,  wiH  be  found  in  our  history 
of  England,  to  which  it  more  properly  belong^. 

Thus  ended  the  unhappy  American  war,  which 
idded  to  the  national  debt  of  the  mother  country; 
one  hundred  and  twenty  million  pounds  sterling,  be*' 
aides  the  loss  of  many  thousands  of  our  officers,  sol- 
diers and  seamen,  to  the  disgrace  and  infamy  of 
Ihose  ministers,  who  adyised  and  carried  it  on,  con- 
^ry  to  the  general  voice  of  the  people  of  Great- 
Britain  f 


,  ?'*i}<: 


Memorabte  Events  Recorded  in  ihis  Chaptet; 


'■^i 


Afr.  Laurens  discharged  from-hiseopfinement 
iti  the  Tower  of  LondoHj         -        -    A.  D.  1781 

The  fleets  of  Sir  George  Rodney  and  Count 
de  Grasse  meet  in  the  West  Indies,      A.  D.  1782 

They  engage,  and  Count  de  Grasse  is  defeat- 
ed and  taken,  -        -        -        -        -  d«. 

JiUiTaimab  eTacuated  by  the  British  forties,         4o. 


■iV'p 


^^w^ 


$19%  'mB  nisTOKf  or,  k». 

And  afknrardft  Charlettooa  In  Souih-Caro" 
Una,  -         •-.;.-       li^ 

ProTiskmal  artfclev  of  peaee  sSgtied  betv^eert 
the  Bi'i'.Uh  and  Atnerican  commlMiofierti       ^. 

The  definitire  treaties  betwetn  Great  Bii> 
tain,  France,  lEIpain,  and  America  tign- 


w  • 


4.    * 


.JVi-?^-^' 


■;?rw»?; 


fvAii^.  r- 


•^f?t  . 


.     ) 


APPENDIX 


CONSTITUTION 

OP  THE 

UNITED  STATES. 

WEy  The  People  tf  the  United  StiUes,  in  order  to  firm 
a  more  perfect  Unions  establish  Juaticef  insure  Donies^ 
tic  TranquiUtyfpromdefirdhexommon  DefincCfpro^ 
mote  the  general  welfare,  and  seeurC'  the  Blessings 
ef  Liberty  to  ourselves  and  our  posterity,  DO  Or^ 
dain  and  BstahHsh  this  (^NSTITUTION fir  the 
UNITED  STATES^  OF^JiMERWd. 


ARTICLE  I; 

Section  1.  ilLLL^legislatiTe  powers  herein  grants 
ed  shall  be  vested  in  a  Congref  s  of  the  United  Stalesf. 
^ich  shall  consist  of  a  Benate  and  House  of  Repi'Cfc- 

saDtatives* 

»2- 


'i\9  CONBTITUneN  OF 

SeciioH  2.  The   House  of  RepresentatiTes  sfialTt 
be   compoeed  of  members  cboseii  e^ery  second: 
year  by  the  people  of  the  several'  states ;  and  tb«>r 
elector^  in  each  state  shall  have  the  qualifications^, 
requisite  for  electors  oC  the  moat  Aumeraus  braucli 
of  the  state  legislature. .    ,    ^     ■  ^k 

No  person  shall  be  a  ReprestotatiTe  who  shall  not 
haye  attained  t»  the  age  of  twenty- five  years,  and 
been  seven  years  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  and 
who  shall  not,  when  elected,  be  an  inhabitant  of  tha^ 
state  in  whfeh  he  shall  be  clKMen.  :r« 

ReyreseBtatkeff)  and  direct  taxes>,sbaU  be  appor- 
tioned among,  the  secveral  sOates  which  may  be  iuclud*Cj* 
ed  within  this   umon,  according  to  their  cespeciivet'  ^ 
numbers,  which  sbaB  be  deternlitted  by  adding  to^ 
the  whole  number  of  tote  persons^  inolndiog  thpse^^ 
bound  to  service  for  a  term  of  years,  and  excluc^iiig^^ 
Indians  not  taxed,  three  fifths  of  alloiher  persons.^^ . 
The  actual  enumeration  shall  be  made  within  three 
years  after  the  first  meeting  of  the  Congress  of  the 
United  States,  and  within  every  subsequent  term  of 
ten  years^  in  such  manner  as  they  shaU  by  law  direct. 
The  number  Off  Repriesentatlves  shall  not  exceed  one 
fisi"  every  tMrty  tiacssiid,  bn!  tach  state  gliall  have 


■..  ;,!<■■ 


Tr»7^^; 


THE  UNITED  BTATEST. 


tn 


•tlelKf  ont  RqiresentattT*  ;  and  antil  such  #DB»e(^ 
iitiMi  shaK  be  made,  the  itale  of  New  Hampsbir* 
ttmh  be  eotMed  to  choose  three  ;  Massachiwettf^ 
eight;  iUMde-bland  and  fhiyidence  Plantatloo^ 
•Be  f  ConneeliGttt)  ftyv;  New^Yoilc,  six  ;  NewJer* 
tej,  four;  Pennsylvanlay  eighty  Delaware,  one; 
Maryland,  six ;  Vir^nif^  ten;  North- Carolina,  fi?«f 
Sottth-Carolina,  five;  and Cteorgia, three. 

When  vaGaneiei)  happen'  in  the  representation  froii*« 
•ny  state,  the  executWe- authority  thereof  shall  issiM 
writs  of  election. to  fill  such  vactuicies* 

The  House  of  RiBpresenffttires  shall  chodse  'ttieff' 
speaker  and  othnr  ofiloefs^  and  sbaii  have  the  sole- 
power  of  impeachment;. 

Sedum  3.  The  Senate  of  the  United  States  shall- 
be  composedof  two  disnators  from  each  state,  chosen* 
by  the  legislature  thereof,  for  six  years ;  and  eachi 
Sen&tor  shall  have  one  rote. 

Immediately  al%er  they  shall  be  assembled,  in  eoil'>^ 
sequence  of  the  first  election,  they  shall  be  dirided- 
as  equally  aa  may  be  into  three  classes.  The  seak^ 
ef  the  Senators^  o(  the  first  class  shall  ^  vacated  at. 
the  expiratioa  of  the  second  year,,  of  the  second  c!ms< 
at  die  expiraiioB  of  the  fourth  year^  and  of  tbe  thkdi 


•'»"i 


imm:> 


w 


mmmm 


liipiiilililiiiiPWilllPPnPlliPNi^ 


"mpw 


iiU  fONSTITUTION  OF 

•Uutt  at  Che  expiration  of  the  sixth  year,  to  that  one 
third  may  be  chosen  every  second  ysar :  and  if 
vacancies  liappen  by  resignation,  or  otherwise,  du- 
ring the  i^cess  of  the  lc>gislatiire  of  any  state,  the 
executiye  thereof  may  make  temporary  appointmentii 
until  the  next  meting  of  the  tegislatare,  which 
shall  then  fill  such  racanciea. 

No  person  shall  be  a  Senator  who  shall  not  haye 
attained  to  the  age  of  thirty  years,  and  been  nine 
years  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  and  who  shaQ 


'not,  when  eleisied,  be  mt  inhabitant  of  tiiat  state  for 
^whieh  he  shfdi  be  chosen;. 

The  Vice-President  of  the  United  Str.tes  shaBh  be 
President  of  the  Senate,  but  shall  have  no  rote  unless 
they  be  equally  divided.  ,; 

The  Senate  shall' ehoose  their  other  officers  and 
jalso  a  president  pra.  tempore,  in  the  absence  of  the 
Vice-President,  or  when  be  shall  exercise  the  office 
.  of  President  of  the  United  Statea. 

The  Senate  shall  have  the  sole  power  to  t?y  all  im* 
peachments.  When  sitting  for  that  purpose,  they 
shall  be  on  oath  or  affirmationi  When  the  President 
•f  the  Uaited  States  is  tried,  the  Chief  Justice  shall 
preside :  And  no  person  shall  be  convicted  without 


iito  €«leiRT«iice  of   imo  ihhAB  mi  Ibe  nrtmbeft 

.  Judgment  in  eaaei  of  impeachmmit^  tball  not  elt- 
IKfttdlbfCiMrthtikto  rwMmA  from  o0lot,  aad  dit- 
fpHdidiBfttioB  to  botd  anil  mjasf  anf  ol&ce  of  bomNV 
tfUit,  or  pioflt^  ander  the  UnlM  £tt«ti»i  ^but  tiiit  mf^r 
fy  convicted  shaU  neyertheloM  be  liable  and  subject 
tj;><  indictment,  tiial^  jpdgpient,.  and  punisbment  ac*- 
Qording  to  lair. 

-^  Beciion  4^  Tbe  times,  placeB,nnd  manner,  of  boldly 
isg  electione  tbr  Senatois  and  Repre^enta^Tcs,  sbatt. 

be  pseBcnbedin.efteb  state  bf  the  LegiilatiRe  fbereof  ^ 
but  tbe  Googv!e9»  may  at  any  time  by  \im  nakt  0». 
alter  such  regulations,  except  as  to  the  pk«cs  9C 
ehoosing  Sev^atorft, 

Tbe  Congress  shall  assemble  at  least  once  in  every 
3ref^)  and  such  meeting  sbail  be  on  the  first  Mondajr 
in  Decembc Tjr  afdesa  they  shall  by  Imv  appoint  a  difr 
lerent  day. 

SkdCm  Hf.  ¥^mh  Hitniee  ehall  be  tbe  jodge  ct  tbm 
eitctioffs,  DeUmmy  and  ifnalifieafioos  of  ttn  own  menv' 
ben,  and>  n  majority  o£  each  shall  conttttnle  a  qui"* 
tea  to  do  bvainen  ;  but  a  smaller  nmnber  may  ad-^ 
)rani),&oH»day^tedft|'>  aiidm«^  b#  ambeiisedt^ 


1 


PPiPiiipPilPiWlliPIPiPW^ 


•»♦ 


CONSTITirnON  OF 


■^?r 


•ompel  the  atteadtnce  of  abftent  members,  i»  tu^ 
manner,  and  mider  tach  penaities  as  each  Hooil 
may  provide.  ,  ^ 

Each  House  may  determine  the  rules  of  its  pr#> 
bleedings,  punish  its  members  for  disorderly  bebar- 
iour,  aiid  with  the  cooourrenee  of  tffp  t^)^ei|iel|i 
member.  ^a 

Each  House  Shan  keeji  a-jonmal  of  its  proceed^* 
«2ig8,  and  from  time  to  time,  publish  the  same,  ei^ 
o^pting  such  parts  as  may  in  their  judgment  require 
eeereey :  and  the  yeas  and  nays  of  the  members  of 
either  House,  on  any  question,  shaH,  at  the  desire 
s^  one  Mih  of  tboi^  preistenty^bo  entered  opthf 
'Journal.  -  ».,,. 

'  Neither  House,  during  the  session  of  Congresi, 
riiall,  nvithout  the  consent  of  the  other,  adjourn  for 
more  than  three  days,  nor  ta^  any  other  place  thao: 
tiiat  in  which  the  two  Houses*  shall  be  sitting. 

Section  6r.  The  Senators  and  Representatires  shall 
neceiTC  a  compensatfon  for  their  services,  to  be  as- 
eertaioed  by  law,  and  paid  out  of  the  treasury  of  the 
United  States ,  They  shall  in  all  case^,  except  trea;' 
mn,  felony^  and  breach  of  the  peace,  be  priviledged* 
llK>m:iurreR  during  their  attendance  at  the  BessioiiDf 


m^m^, 


"VliPiipp«miPiiiliiPi| 


TJ!B  WNITBD  STAWS. 


tlM 


fiKir  fttpective  Houses,  and  in  going  to  or  returning 
from  the  ^nme ;  and  for  any  speech  or  debate  ia 
either  House,  they  shall  not  be  questioned  in  aiyr 
4tberfi]ace. 

^"^  No  Senator  or  Representalire  shall,  during  the 
iteifne  for  which  he  was  elected,  be  appointed  to  anf 
oiril  office  ^nder  the  authority  of  the  United  State*, 
which  shall  have  been  created,  or  the  emolumente 
whereof  shall  have  been  increased  during  such  time; 
and  no  person  holding  any  office  under  the  United 
States,  shall  be  a  member  of  eftheir  House  durii^ 
his  continuance  in  office. 

'* '  Section  7.  All  bills  for  raising  revenue  shall  origt»* 
ate  in  the  House  of  Representatives ;  but  the  Senate 
may  propose  or  concur  with  amendments  as  oa 
other  bills. 

Every  bill  which  shall  hate  passed  the  House  ci 
Representatives  and  the  Senate,  shall,  before  it  ht^ 
come  a  law,  be  presented  to  the  Pre'^^^dent  of  the 
.United  States — if  be  approve  he  shall  sign  it,  but  if 
^ot  he  shall  return  it,  with  his  ofa^ctions,  to  that 
fixMiseiin  which  it  shall  have  originated,  who  JshaU  eijK 
f:<er  the  objections  at  large  on  their  journal,  and  pit- 
ted to  re  consider  K.    If  after  sack  re-conBider^U^^ 


wm 


wmm 


wm 


ftie 


n 


^MSfil'*UTI0K  OF 


i''«t 


4bv!o  thiedr .of  that  Eoase  tkall  igrae  to  ftit  Hk  1iti«, 
jttsbail  be  sent,  togeflieir  with  the  objeetUms,  to  the 
^fi»T  hoiiae,  bf  v^iA  it-sban  likewise  be  Ee-coiwider" 
Mdf  and  if  approved  by  two  thirds  of  thait  Home,  It 
l^ali  become  a  law.  But  io  all  ^ucb  cases  the  Totes 
Qf  both  Houses  shall  bedetemiined  by  yeas  andiiayat 
ami  the  names  of  the  fiessons  voting  for  and  against 
the  bill  shall  beentered  on  'the  journal  of  each  Houses 
respective^,  if  any  bill  shall  not  be  returned  hy, 
the  President  within  ten-^ays,  (Sundays  excepted), 
after  it  shall  have  been  presented  to  him}  the  same 
shall  be  a  law,  in  like  manner  as  if  be  had  signed  i^ 
linless  the  Congress  by  their  adjournment  prevent  its 
^r^urn,  in  which  case  it  shaH  not.  be  a  law. 

Eveiy  order,  resolutiofi,  or  vote,  to-Which  the  con- 
currence of  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representa- 
^ves  may  be  necessary,  (except  on  a  question  of  ad- 
journment,) shall  be  {>re6ented  to  Uie  President  of 
4he  United  States  ^  and  before -^e  same  tshall  take 
idfect,  shall  be  approved  by  him,  or,  being  disapprov-^ 
'ed  by  him,  shall  be  Te-)rassed  by  two  thirds  of  the 
•"Senate  and  House  of  Represestatives,  according  to 
the  ndcs  and  UmitaUow  preficribed  in  the  Mtso  of  «^ 


«  ' 


TUB  UNIl^D  STATES. 


m 


\ 


of  a 


Sedim  8.  The  Congress  shall  have  power. 
To  lay  fuid  collect  taxes,  duties,  imposts,  attd  ex*  • 
cises  ;  to  pay  the  debts,  and  provide  for  ,th&  com* 
mon  :  defence  and  general  welfare  of  the  Uaitedt 
Btat«s ;  but  all  duties,  imposts,  and  excises,  shall^ 
be  uniforin  throngihout  the.  United  States : 

'  To  borrow  money  on  the  credit  of  the  Uhited 
States:  * 

.^^"^o  regulate  commerce  with  foreign  nations,  and  ^ 
i^ng  the  several  states,  and  ^ith  the  Indian  tribes : 

To  establish  an  uniform  rule  of  naturalization,  and 
uniform  laws  on  the  subject  of  bankruptcife  through- 
out the  United  States :  ,    ' 

To  coin  money^  regulate  the  value  thereof,  and ' 
of  foreign  coin,  and  fix  the  standard  of  weights  and 

iheasures :  .  < 

■      ■  -     *       ■ 

Wo  provide  for  the  punishment  of  counterfeiting 
the  securities  and  current  coin  of  the  United  States ; 

To  establish  post  offices  and  post  roads ; 

■>•.'■■        ■  •  '' 

To  promote  the  progress  of  science  and  tiseful 

arts,  by  securing  for  limited  times  to.authors  and  in« 

ventcirs  the  exclusive  right  to  their  respective  wriW  * 

ings  and  discoveries :  ^ 

T 


'^^oiMick^ 


m^^^"^^^ 


.-  To  coDBtUttte  tribuBHilB  u»feniQ]r  to  th?,  Buptfisie 
€ionrt:  * 

'  To  define  and  piuilB|»  piraeies  and  felonies  com- 
nitted  on  the  high  seas,  and  offences  agunst  tlie  law 
of  nations: 

To  declare  war,  grant  letters  of  marque  and  repri- 
se, and  make  rules  conceriiung  captures  on  land 
and  water :  "^  * 

/  To  raise  and  support  armies,  but  no  appropria^ 
Hon  of  money  to  that  use  shall  be  for  a  longer  term 
t|i§i|  two  yefus : 

*  To  provide  and  maintain  a  navy : 

To  make  rules  for  the  government  and  regula« 
tlon  of  the  land  and  naval  forces : ' 

To  provide  for  calling  forth  the  militia  to  execute 
ifae4aws  of  the  union/ suppress  insurrection,  and  re- 
pel invasions : 

To  provide  for  organizing,  arming,  and  disciplin- 
ing the  miKtia^  and  for  governing  such  part  of  them 
fB  maybe  employed  in  the  service  of  the  United 
States,  reserving  to  the  states  respectivfily,  the  ap- 
,^)intin^t  of  ^e  p^^is,  and  the  authority  oftr9in^ 


4- 


*  - 


^InS  (be  milUift  iccord^^  to  the  cliicipliM  pt«scribeA 
ky  Cofigrftn :  ' 

To  exeretie  exc1ust?e'l^lati(m  fn'all  cases  wImlC- 
iM>eter,  over  ifttch  dtstri<^  (Hdt  exeeediiig  ten  miles 
square)  as  may,  by  cesston  of  particular  stated,  arid 
the  acceptance  of  Congress  become  the  seat  of  tbe 
.  jQoyernmeiit  of  the  United  States,  and  to  exercise 
like  authority  over  all  places  purchased  by  the  coli- 
sent  of  the  legislature  of  the  state  in  which  the  samo 
shall  be,  for  the  erection  of  forts,  mag^izines,  arsenals, 
dock-yards,  and  other  needful  buildings :  .       -  ,  \ 

And,  to  make  all  laws  Which  shall  be  neeeasaiy 
and  proper  for  carrying  into  execution  the  fot^egoiag 
powers,  and  all  other  powers  vested  by  (Ids  constitu- 
tion in  the  government  of  the  United  l^tes,  or  in  any 
department  or  officer  thereof, 

Action  9.  The  migration  or  importation  of 'suth< 
persons  as  any  of  the  states  now  existing  shali  think 
proper  to  admit,  shall  not  be  prohibited  1^  the  Con- 
gress prior  to  the  year  one  thousand  eigjht  >  hundred 
and  eight,  but  a  tax  or  duty  may  be  imposed  on  sui^h 
importation,  not  exceeding  ten  dollars  for  each  per- 
son. 


f  •.- 


m 


"sm-.' 


M 


w 


sao  cwsTiTtrTioN  cap 

The  privilege  of  the  writ  oi  habeas  eorpw  shall  not 
be  suspended,  unless  when,  hi  cases  of  rebelHon  or 
iuvasion,  ik^  public  safety  may  require  it. 

No  bill  of  attainder,  or  ex  jioj^^/acifo  law,  shall  be 
pasJt'd. 

Na  capitation,  or  other  direct  tax,  shall  be  laid 
unless  in  proportion  to  the  census  or  enumeratioa 
i^rein  before  directed  to  be  takeo.  ' 

No  tax  or  duty  shaH  be  laid  on  articles  exported 
from  any  state.  No  preference  shall  be  given  by  any 
regulation  of  commerce  or  revenue  to  the  ports  of 
one  state  over  those  of  another  ;  nor  shall  vessels 
bound  to,  or  froipa,  one  state,  be  obliged  to  enter,  tle^f 
W  pay  duties  in  another. 

No  money  shall  be  drawn  from  the  treasury^,  biit 

Pi  consequence  of  appropriations  made  by  law ; — 

!>ftQd  a  regular  statement  and  account  of  receipts  and 

Expenditures  of  all  public  money  shall  be  published 

from  time  to  time. 

No  title  of  nobility  shall  be  granted  by  the  United 
States :  and  no  person  holding  any  office  of  prdfif  ^r 
trust  under  them,  shall,  without  the  consent  of  the 
Congress,  accept  of  any  present,  emolpmeiit,  offl<^e, 


T&fe  UNlHSD  STAtlSs.  ^tti 

or  tiUe  of  any  kind  tvlultetet,  from  any  king,  prince, 
or  foreigfi  state.         ^ 

Section  lO.  I^p  state  shall  etiter  into  my  tretttj, 
iJHKii^e,  or  confederation ,  gratit  letters  of  marque 
aiid  reprisal ;  coin  inonejr ;  emit  bills  of  credit ; 
make  any  thing  but  gold  and  silver  coin  a  tender  in 
^aj^i^ent  of  debts ;  pass  any  bill  of  attainder,  ex  post 
fado  law,  or  law  Impairing  the  obligatioii  oif '  coin* 
tracts,  or  grant  any  title  of  ndbillty. 
: '  No  stat6  shAll^  without  the  feonmnt  of  \ke  Congftessf, 
lay  any  impostir  or  duties  on  iiojbrfo  or  ejtpbirts,  ex- 
cept what  may  be  absolutely  n^c^ssary  for  executing 
sits  inspection  laws,  and  the  hett  produce  6f  all  duties 
and  imposts,  laid  by  any  state  on  imports  or  exports, 
Shan  be  for  the  use  of  the  treasury  of  the  United 
States;  and  all  8|^  Jaws  shall  J^e,j||ibjeet  to  th« 
revision  and  controul  of  the  Coi^ess.  No  state 
shall,  without  the  consent  of  Congress,  lay  any  duty 
of  tonnage,  keep  troops  or  ships  of  war  in  iime  of 
peace,  enter  into  any  agreement  or  compact  with 
another  state,  or  with  a  foreign,  power,  or  et«gage  in 
wur^  unless  actually  invaded,  or  .  in  such  imminent 
danger  as  will  not  admit  of  delay. 


■;f , 


222/  CONSTITUTION  OP 

ARTICIJB  II. 

Sec/ton  1.  The  Executive  power  shall  be  vested 
iki  a  President  of  the  United  States  of  America.  He 
Qhall  hold  his  office  during  the  term  of  fonr  years, 
«nd/together  with  the  Vice-President,  chosen  for  the 
same  term,  be  elected  as  follows : 

Each  state  shall  appoint,  in  such  manner  as  the 
legislature  may  direct,  a  number  of  Electors,  equal  to 
the  whole  number  of  Senators  and  Representatives 
to  which  the  state  may  be  entitled  in  the  Congress  ; 
but  no  Senator  or  Representative,  or  person  holding 
»a  offiee  of  trustor  profit,  under  the  United  States^ 
shall  be  appointed  an  Elector. 

The  Electors  shall  meet  in  their  respective  statea| 
and  vote  hy  ballot  for  two  personsj-of  whom  onel&t 
least  shall  not  be  an  inhabitant  of  the  same  state  with 
themselves.  Aiid  they  shall  tnake  a  list  of  all  the 
persons  voted  for  and  of  (he  number  of  votes  for 
each;  which  list  they  shall  sign  and  certify,  and 
transmit  sealed  to  the  seat  of  the  Government  of  the 
United^tates,  directed  to  the  President  x){  the  Se- 
nate  :  the  President  of  the  Senate  shall^  in  the  pre- 
sence of  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives, 
open  all  the  ^ertifieates;  aad  the  voies  shall  then  be 


j^iW 


PJ_JPPI»IIII"«'/- 


THE  UNITED  STATES.  mU 

counted.  The  ptrson  baring  the^greatest  number 
ofToteeehaU  be  the  Pretident,  if  such  number  be  a 
majority  of  the  whole  number  of  Electprs  appointed^ 
and  if  there  be  more  than  one  who  haye  such  major^- 
tjr«  and  have  an  equal  number  of  votes,  then  the 
House  of  Representatives  sbatt  immediately  choose 
by  baHot  one  of  them  fqr  President ;  and  if  no  pe«« 
son  have  a  majority,  then  from  the  five  highest  on 
the  list,  the  said  House  shall  in  like  manner  choose 
^the  President.  But  in  choosing  the  President  the 
votes  shall  be  taken  by  states,  the  representation 
IVom  each  state  having  one  vote  ^  sT  quorum  for  this 
purpose  shall. consist  of  a  member  or  members  from 
two  thirds  of  the  states,  and  a  majority  of  all  the 
states  shall  be  necessary  to  a  choice.  In  every  cate, 
after  the  choice  of  the  President,  the  person  haying 
the  greatest^  number  of  votes  of  the  electors,  shall 
be  the  Vice-President. — ^But  if  there  shall  remain 
Jtwo  or  more  who  have  iequal  votes,  the  Senate  shall 
choose  from  them  by  ballot  the  Vice- President. 
[See  amendments.] 

The  Congfess  may  determine  the  time  of  ehoos- 
ing  the  Electors,  and  the  day  on  which  they  shall  give 
their  votes ;  which  day  shall  be  the  same  through* 
out  the  United  States. 


ipipiiii 


PHI 


911 


^mfftfmfm  «y ' 


No  i^efBOtt,  *tCept  k  Mfural  bom  cKiascn,  or  a  ciV 
xtti  of  thfe  United  Btatea,  at  thte  tttne  of  tlie  adoij. 
tio»of  tWa  CoiwtitBtloiij  .Ml  be  eligibte  to  the  Offle^ 
of  President;  ndffifif  i*ifi  1%*  j^crson  be  eligible 'to 
that  olBce  who  ftbkll  not  hwre  attalH^d  ia  ih#  ifee  of 
thirty-fi?e  years,  an^  be«to  fourtoeu  yoaw,  «  tesi- 
dettt  wiftfn  the  UDketf  Strttes.      *'  :  fvi  - 

In  case  of  fhe  removal  of  tlie  President  troixiot 
fice,  or  of  his  death,  resignation,  or  rfi^lbiiity'  to  di5^ 
charge  the  powers  and  duties  of  the  SAid  olfic6,  !B'e 
same  shall  devolTe  on  the  Vice-Presidetif,  and  the 
Congress  may  by  law  provide  for  Che  case  of  reittov- 
al,  death,  resignation,  or  inability,  both  of  the'  Pre&f* 
dent  and  Vice-President,  declaring  what  officer  sh'atl 
then  act  as  President,  and  such  o^cer  sliall  act  ac- 
cordingly, until  the  disability  be  remoyed.  Of  a  PrcS"- 
ident  shall  be  elected. 

The  President  shall^  at  stated  times,  receive  for 
his  services  a  compensation,  which  shall  neither  be 
increased  nor  diminished  during  the  period  for  which 
he  shall  have  been  ejected,  and  he  shall  not  receivfe 
witbin  that  period  any  other  etnoUiment  froin  the 
United  States,  o?  any  of  Uiem 


*-v^*i... 


ppl.lil II ■  I .ll'tllliilpiipppl'i, '  ."lll'l 1"' 


THE  U??npBO  STATUS.  «2S 

Befbre  he  tiiiter  on  the  executioo  of  hU  ottice,  he 
ehi^l  take  the  foUowuig  oath|  or  affirmatiop. 

<*  I  do  soicmnly  Rwear  (or  affirm)  that  I  niU  (kith- 
^'  fuHjr  execute  the  ofllce  of  President  of  the  United 
**  States,  and  will,  to  the  best  of  my  ability,  preseryey 
*^  protect,  and  defend  the  Gonstitation  of  the  Unite4 
«  States." 

^  SeeiUm.  2.  The  President  shall  be  Comma5lder•il^ 
Chief  of  the  army  and  navy  of  ttie  United  States^ 
atid  of  thekmilitia  of  the  seyeral  states,  when  called 
io^'the  actual  service  of  the  United  Btate& ;  he  may 
requre  the  opinion,  in  vmttng,  of  the  principal  o^l^r 
'to.  each  of  the  executive  departments,  upon  any  sub- 
ject relating  to  the  duties  of  their  respective  pfficeSi 
and  he  shall  have  power  to  grant  reprie^^  and  psf- 
dons  for  offences  against  the  United  States,  except 
in  eases  of  impeachment. 

^  Be  shall  have  power,  by  and. with  the  advice  and 
consent -of  the  Senate,  to  make  treaties,  provided 
two  thirds  of  the  Senators  present  concur;  and  he 
shall  nominate,  and  by  and  with  the  advice  and  cob:^ 
sei^  of  the  Senate,  shall  appoint  ambassadors,  other 
public  ministers  and  consuls,  judges  of  the  suia-eme 
co«^  and  all  other  officers  of  the  United  States, 


r 


IM 


m: 


*1 


1/ 


:  J^OmTITCfTIQN  OP     ,  4 

wbpf«]l^jK3»lDtineniti  are  not  herein  otherwise '{iro- 
vided  fof^  iSMl  li^iiclt  iMl  Iw  MtaPlfthed  1^  l«v^. 
But  the  CongreM  mty  bj  law  veit  the  eppofaitment 
ofBUohiiircTsor  officen  as  they  think  proper  in  the 
President  alone,  in  the  oourts  of  law,  or  ib  the  headi 
of  departments. 

The  President  shall  haye  power  to  fill  up  aRnltOiuiii- 
cies  that  may  happen  daring  th?  recess  of  the  ^en- 
a^^hy  grantiiig  ^soramissions  whica  .^hafi  taqjiure  it 
the  end  of  their  next  sessioB. 

~:'^Bitiim  Sv .^e  ihkll  frbili^e  to  Gn^e  UMbWO^ 
-IDb^gres^  lybmtaliOn  of  the  state  6f  the  tTnion,  and 
reeomtnc^d  to  ttieir  conside^i^n  such  measufes  Hb 
hb  shall  judge  necessary  ai^d  el)^^dteil ;  he  itxA^'tln 
%ilri(M<dfnary  occasions,  conteioie  bdth  Houses,  ^r 
ieilhe)^  of  them,  and  hi  cai&e  of  disagreCihetilt  Jbetween 
them  with  respect  to  the  th1n«  b^'i^j6nniment,  he 
may  adjourn  thekn  to  such  time  as  h^  shall  think 
ptoper ;  he  shall  receive  amhs^adors  ahd  othei'  pub- 
Hcr^jninistefs ;  he  ^ail  take  c<K)re  ^hsft  Ute  lav^  life 
fettiifoliy  executed,  and  shaH  commissi'^  ftU  lh<>  aft- 
eers  of  the  United  States. 

SetHoH  4.  The  President,  Vice-Presideni,  and  all 
citit  b^cers  of  fhe  tTniied  B^tates  shall  be  relttoved 


'■^B^ 


^pppippPf^UMiWPINIIil 


TffiK^  TOTITED  STATJ0S. 


Sam  oflSeO:  on  impe&dbmeaitrfor,  and  coii:^ictioao^^ 
•ir«asoii,btsfe^i7^0£  other  hi|ii  crimeft  snd  m^sde*^ 

ARTICLE  UI. 

Seci/Um  1.  Thejufdieial  ppi^«r  of  tlie  Umted  States^ 
slu#  lie  Tested  in  oMiMifxr^we^  courts  asid  in  sneli. 
inff^Qi:  couitts,  jap  the^  Congrcffs  oMty  fiom  time  tok 

tivi^.  Of ^^9,^  :e»^liiill.    Tbe  jadge9,  boUi  of  tli*^ 
supreme  and  inferiQi;  courfe,  shall  hold  their  ofikies 
du||tt|  good  b^hayiour,  aiid  shall,  at  stated  times,  re-, 
cefire  for  their  services,  a.contpenBatloDi.which  ehall 
Dot  be  diminished  duriig  their  contiiiiiiiiiQe  in  office. 

,  Seciign  ^.  The  judicial  power  shall  extend  i\)  all 
cases,  in  law  anc}eqMity»  aiijsitiK  under  this  Cknistitii^ 
tion,  the  iaws  of  the  United  States,  and  treaties  made, 
or  v>  hich  shall  be  made,  under  their  authority ;  to 

all  cases  affecting  ambassadors,  other  public  minis-, 
tersand  consuls;  to  all  cases  of  admiralty  and  mar-, 
itime  jurisdiction;  to  controversies  to  which  the 
United  States  shall  be  a  party ;  to  controversies  be» 
t\ieen  two  or  more  states,  between  a  state  and  citi- 
zens of  another  state,  betweeit  citizens  of  different 
state^ietv^een  citizens  of  the  same  state  claiming 
lands  under  grants  of  different  states^  and  between  a 


r :; 


'H:' 


•■■~J,J^f^^iftdi,'-M.*LiA.,ii 


im.H>:rm»^'mr'^m»imii^ 


'A 


"li\ 


28«  tJONsrrrtnlTOiriw 

stete^  w  the  eitrt«li84bWeof,  nid  fpreign  stilis,  «iU- 
zeir.  or  fvbjeets.    {See  aiii€cdin«iit»,  Ai*.  3ll.]    ,  ' 

In  all  cases  atfecting  amhassadon,  other  public 
ministers,  and  consuls,  and  these  in  which  a ,  state 
vhall  be  a  party,  the  supreme  court  sfaaSl  hare  origiti* 
al  jurisdicfion.  In  all  other  cases  before  mentioned^ 
tiie  supreme  court  shaH  have  appellate  jnrisdicfiotty' 
both  as  to  law  and  facty  wl(h  such  exceptions,  and 
under  such  regulations,  as  the  Ck>ngres8  shall  make* 

The  trial  of  all  ciimes,  except  in  cases  of  ini|>eaeh- 
ment/^hall  be  oy  jury ;  and  such  trial  shall  be  'iWfk'' 
inth'd  state  where  the  said  crimes  shall  have  Lo^^i:. 
committed;  but  whsc;  not  committed  within  any 
state,  ^e  trial  shall  be  at  such  place  or  places  as  ifae 
Congress  may  by  law  haY<^  directed. 

Secium  3.  Treason  against  the  United  States,  shall 
consist  only  in  levying  war  against  them,  or  in  ad- 
hering to  their  enemies,  giving  them  aid  and  com* 
fort — ^No  person  shall  be  convicted  of  treason  unless 
on  the  testimony  of  two  witnesses  to  the  same  overt 
act,  or  on  confession  in  open  court. 

,  The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  declare  the 
puuisbment  of  treason,  but  no  attpi  ier  ofti^eason 


%?''v' 


i- . " 

oblic 
state 
ftgjn- 
oned) 

9,  aoA 
pake* 

peatli- 

e  Lk.'M'i 

n  any 

as  ihe 

is,  shall 

inad- 

1  com- 

I  unless 

e  overt 

.        •:*..--* 

ifc  the 
!0n 


[Ug«< 


'*». 


MiE  UNITED  STA*ft:S.  ^2^ 

»hali  work  corruption  of  blood,  or  forfeiture,  except^ 
during  the  life  of  the  person  attainted. 

ARTICLE  IV. 


Section  1 .  Full  faith  and  credit  shall  be  given  v^ 
leach  state  to  the  public  acts,  records,  and^  judicial 
proceedings  of  every  other  state.  And  the  Congress  " 
may,  by  general  laws,  prescribe  the  manner  in  which 
SQch  acts,  records,  and  proceedings,  shall  be  proved, 
nod  the  efiect  thereof. 

^ec/uMt  2^.  The  citizens  of  each  state  sliall  be  en- 
to  all^privileges  and  immunities  of  citizens  in 
the  several  states. 

A  p^Mon  charged  in  any  state  witjb  treason,  fel« 
ony,  9r  other  crime,  who  shall  flee  from  justice  and 
be  found  in  another  state,  shall  on  demand  o/  the 
executive  authority  of  the  state  from  whicTi  he  fled  ' 
be  delivered  up,  to  be  renaoved  to  the  state  having 
jurisdiction  of  the  crime. 

No  person  held  to  service  or  labor  in  one  staie, 

1  adsr  the  laws  thereof,  escaping  into  another,  shall 

in  consequence  of  any  law  or  regulation  therein,  be 

disch      ed  from  such  service  or  labor;  but  shall  be* 

delivf^ed  up  on  claina  of  the  party  io  whom  such 

.  service  or  labor  may  be  due.  * 

U 


m 


V.^i^!Tr5p 


P'; 


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;  r 


g3C>  .  ^  ClONSTITUnON  OP 

Seicitan  3.  New  States  may  be  admitted  by  the 
Congress  into  this  union ;  but  no  new  states  shall  be 
formed  or  erected  within  the  jurisdiction  of  any  oth- 
er  state;  nor  any  state  be  formed  by  the  junction 
of  two  or  more  states,  or  parts  of  states,  without  the 
Gofisent  of  the  Legislatures  of  the  states  concerned, 
as '^iell  as  of  the  Congress.     '' * 

The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  dispose  of,  and 
make  all  needful  rules  and  regulations,  respecting 
the  U  *'T^or  other  property,  belojpging  to  the  XJnit- 
ed  State  and  nothing  in  this  Constitution  shallop 
AO  construed,  as  to  prejudice  any  claims  of  the  Unit- 
ed States,  or  of  any  particular  state. 

Section  4.  The  United  States  shall  guarantee  to 
cverf  state  in  this  union,  a  repubucan  form  of  goir- 
ernnient ;  and  shall  protect  each  of  them  against  in- 
vasion— and  on  application  of  the  Legislature,  or  of 
the  executive  (when  the  Legislature  connot  be  con- 
vened) against  domestic  violence. 

'       ^     ARTICLE  V. 

The  Congress,  whenever  two  thirds  of  both  Housas 
$hall  deem  it  qecessary,  shall  propose  amendments 
to  this  Constitution,  or,  on  the  application  of  t^  Le- 
^latures  of  two  thirds  of  the  several  states,  shalloall 


THE  UNITED  STATES.  jESJf 

a  convetition  for  proposing  amendments,  Tvhich  in 
either  case,  shall  be  vaiid,  to  all  intents  and  purpose- 
es,  as  part  of  this  Constitution,  when  ratified  by  the 
Legislatures  of  three  fourths  of  the  several  states,  or 
by  conventions  in  three  fourths  thereof,  as  the  one  or 
the  other  mode  of  ratification  may  be  proposed  by 
the  Congress ;  provided  that  no  amendment,  which 
may  be  made  prior  to  the  year  one  thousand'  eight 
hundred  and  eight,,  shall  in  any  manner  affect  the  fitst 
and  fourth  clauses  in  the  ninth  section  of  the  first  ar* 
IjcJe;  and  thi^  no  state,  withput  its  consent^  shall  b^, 
Ipriyed  of  its  equal  sufixage  in  the  Senate. 


ARTICLE  VL 

An  debts  contracted  and  engagements  entered  in- 
t^  before  the  adoption  of  this  Constitution,  shall  be 
as  valid  against  the  United  States  under  this  Cor; 
stitution,  as  under  the  confederation.     ^ 

This  Constitution,  and  the  laws  of  the  United 
iStates  which  shall  be  made  in  pursuance  thereof, 
and  all  treaties  made,  or  which  shall  be  made,  uAder 
the  authority  of  the  United  States,  shall  be  the  su- 
preme law  of  the  land  ;^  and  the  judges  iaei^^  stat^ 
shsH  be  bound  thereby,  any  thing  in  the  Constitution 
or  b  W8  of  a&y  state  to  the  contrary  uotvilhstanding. 


-m 


^'yumwWHV^ 


S32 


CONSTITUTION  OP 


The  Senators  and  RepFesentatives  before  mention* 
ed,  and  the  memfaei^  of  the  several  state  Legislfi' 
tures,  and  all  executive  and  judicial  officers,  both  of 
the  United  States  and  of  the  several  states,  shall  be 
bound  by  oath  or  affirmation,  to  support  tl  is  Const!* 
tiition ;  but  no  religious  test  shall  ever  be  required 
as  a  qualification  to  any  office  or  public  trust  under 
the  United  States* 

iWfiTiCLB  rii. 

The  ratification  6f  the. conventions  of  nine  statei 
shall  be  sufficient  for  the  establishment  ofthisCqjflp 
stituiion  betvveed  the  states  6d  raitifying  the  same. 

Done  in  cometHi&n^  byjh^  wnonifnous  consent  of  the 
Stales  present^  the  seventeenth  day  qfSeptembetf  in 
the  year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand  seDen  hundred  and 
dghiy-sevenf  and  of  the  Independence  of  the  United 
States  of  America  the  twelfth.  In  witness  whereof 
me  have  hereunto  subscribed  our  names, 

aO:  WASHINGTON,  Prestdmf, 
and  Deputy  frmn  Virginia^ 

^enhHttmpskire-^fAin  Langdon,  Nicholas  Gflman. 
Massachusetis — ^-Nathaniel  Gorham,  Bufus  King. 
Connecticut — ^Wm.  Sam'lJohnaon,  Roger  8berm||^ 


m 


-t-^pp,tfTOJl 


THE  UNITED  STATES. 


833. 


Delaware — Geo.  ftead,  Gunning  Bedford,  jun.  John 
Piekinson,  Richard  Bafijptt,  Jacob  Broom.  Mary- 
^ondr-James  M'Henry,  Dan.  of  St.  Thos.  Jenifer, 
Dan.  €arroU,  New-York — Alexander  Hamilton. 
New-Jersey — Wm.  livingston,  David  Bre8rle]r« 
Wm.  Paterson,  Jona.  Dayton.  Pennsylvania — ^B. 
Franklin,  Thomas  MifiOin,  Bob.  Morris,  Geo.  Cly- 
mer,  Thos.  Fitzsimons,  Jared  Ingersoll,  James  Wit* 
son,  Oouv'.  Mor^s.  Virginia — John  Blair,  James 
Madison,  jun.  North-Carolina — Wm.  Blount, 
RM'd  Dobbs  Spaight,  Hiigh  Williamson.  Sotdh- 
CariMna — J.  RuOedge,  Charier  Cotes.  Pinckney, 
Charles  Pinckney,  Pierce  Butfer.  Georgia — Wif- 
liam  Few,  Abm.  Baldwin; 


:il 


Attest. 


William  Jackson,  Secretary. 


In  Conventimi,Mondayf  Sept,  17,  I7ff7. 

•r 

Present — ^The  States  ot  New-Hampshire,  Massa- 
chusetts, Connecticut/ Mi*.  Hamilton,  from  New- 
York,  New- Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Delaware,  Mary- 
land, Virginia,  North-Carolina,  South- Carolina,, 
and  Georgia. 


r 


m  f  CONSTITUTlOIf  OP 

*  '  .  ■  ■ 

TE¥r^rflW>  iir€^i*dlng«^  be  foid  befom 

the  tJMted  ^States  in  €do^re9s  afis^mbled)  and  fhxrt  it 
Is  the  6])lhion  of  this  conVehtiofi,  that  it  should  aftei^ 
\tktda  bfe  sobihiiltt^a  to  a  iiOnvention  of  delegates 
ililiosen  in  each  elate  bjr  the  people  ther^^of,  tinder 
t  tbe  recommendation  ot  ifd  leoslature,  for 'their  as- 
sesi  and  ratification  ;  and  that  each  conrentioiA  as- 
senting to  and  ratifying  the  same,  should  give  notice 
thereof  to  tbe  United  States  in  Dongress  assembled. 

Bmoivedf  That  it  is  the  opinioii  «f  this  conTen- 
tioo,  that  as:poon  as  the  cQi}¥f  ntioifs  of  sine  states 
shall  have  ratified  this  constitutiosi  the  United  States 
in  Congress  assembled  should  fix  a  day  on  which 
electors  should  be  appointed  by  the  states  ;«iiicli 
shall  have  ratified  the  same,  and  a  diay  on  which 
the  electors  should  assemble  to^  rote  for  the  Presi- 
dent, and  the  time  and  place  ibr  commencing  pro- 
ceedings under  this  constitut(on.-^That  after  such 
publication  the  electors  should  l>e  appointed,  and  the 
Senators  and  Representatives  elected :  That^the  elec- 
tors should  meet  on  the  day  fixed  for  the  election 
of  the  President,  an^  should  transmit  their  votes  cer- 
tified, signed,  sealed,  and  directed,  as  the  eonsOtu- 


i^ 


TflS  0NITTO  STAINS.  U§ 

Hon  r0qVH«»j  to  'ti)«  ^oereUry  vf  Ifae  Umted  8t«iet 
inCoiigceg8««gefli^le4;  4biU  Mif^W^^ws  and  R^epre? 

* 

liwiitatifes  «)iau^  eofK^w^e  at  Ui«  ttppe  aod  pifiee  af^ 
signed  ;  that  the  Senators  abpuld  appamt  c  piesi; 
dent  of  the  Senate,  ibr  the  sole  purpose  of  receiT; 
uig>  opening  and  counting  the  votes  for  President ; 
and,  that  after  he  shall  be  chosen,  the  Congress,  to-~ 
gether  with  the  President,  should  without  delay,  pro- 
ceed  to  execute  this  constitution. 

By  the  mt^nfimom  mder  <^ihe  Cpfoipmiianf 
^lhh^M  jAfCMi^fm^  ^cpetmy. 


*; 


■^ '  'X'" 


S;.tai^- 


«i* 


#t  *.* 


v# 


In  Convenlimif  SepL  17,  17S7. 


Sia, 


^  W£liave  now  the  honor  to  submit  to  tho  consid- 
eration of  tl.3  United  States  in  Coingress  asseipbled, 
that  constitution  which  has  appeared  to  uf.  the  most 
advisable.  "   " 


Tl- 


■■.?»^;V 


^  The  friends  of  our  country  have  lon^  seen  and 
desired,  that  the  power  of  making  war,  peace,  and 
'/eatits,  that  of  levying  money  ana  regulating  com- 
merce,  and  the  correspondent  executive  andjudt- 


.# 


if.- 


tS$  CONSTITUTION  OF  ^ 

ftial  authorities  should  be  fully  and  effectually  Vest- 
ed  in  the  general  government  of  the  union ;  but  the 
impropriety  of  delegating  such  extensive  trust  fo 
one  body  of  men  is  evidient.  Hence  results  the  ne- 
cessity  of  a  different  orgamsatioB. 

it  is  obviously  impracticable,  in  the  federal  gof^ 
^  emment  of  these||tat6s^  to  secure  all  ri^ts  of  inde- 
pendient  sovereignty  to  each^  and  yet  provide  for 
the  interest  and  safety  of  all :  indlvidnefo  entering 
into  society,  must  give  up  a  share  of  liberty  to  pre- 
serve the  rest.  The  magnitude  of  the  sacrifice 
must  depend  as  well  on  situation  and  circumstance 
as  on  the  object  to  be  obtained.  It  is  at  all 
times  difficult  to  draw  with  predaion  the  line  be- 
tween those  rights  which  must  be  surrendered,  and 
those  which  may  be  reserved  ;  and  on  the  present 
occasion  this  difficulty  was  increased  by  a  differ- 
ence among  the  several  states  as  to  their  situation, 
extent,  habits,  and  particular  interests. 

In  all  our  deliberations  on  this  subject  we  kept 
steadily  in  our  view,  that  which  appears  to  us  the 
grelitest  interest  of  every  true  American,  thecontjoli- 
dation  of  our  union,  in  which  is  involved  our  pros- 
perity, felicity,  safety,  perhaps  our  uational  existence. 


0.' 


m 


wmmm 


THE  UNITED  STATES. 


m 


This  important  consideration,  seriously  and  deeply 
impressed  on  our  minds,  led  each  state  in  the  con- 
vention to  be  less  rigid  oin  points  of  inferior  magni- 
tude, than  might  have  been  otherwise  expected  ;  and 
thus  the  constitution,  which  we  now  present,  is  th^ 
result  of  a  spirit  of  amity,  and  of  that  mutual  defer- 
ence and  concession  which  the  peculiarity  of  ctk 
political  situation  rendered  Indispensible. 

That  it  will  meet  the  full  and  entire  approbation 
of  erery  state  is  not  perhaps- ttf  be  expected ;  but 
each  will  doubtless  consider,  that  had  her  interest 
alone  been  consulted,  the  consequences  inight  hare 
been  particularly  disagreeable  or  injurious  to  others  i 
that  it  is  liable  to  as  f<6W  exceptions  as  could  reason- 
ably^ have  been  ex 
it  JQOAy  promote  the 

■■■4' 

dear  to  us  all,  and  secure  her  freedom  and  hi^piness, 
is  our  most  ardent  wish. 
With  great  respect,  we  hoBe  the  honor  to  he^  Siir, 
Your  Excellency's  most  obedt^t  and  humble  servants, 
Ga:  WAl^HmClTON,  President,  \ 
Bjf  mumitnom  order  of  the  Conventioit. 
His  ExceUeney  the  President  of  Con^nsi, 


[^  wt  hope  and  beliere ;  that 
A<,h-  .*      ^j  ^^  eottHtry  so' 


m 


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w-^ 


xas 


CONSTITUTION  OP   - 


.;;f. 


AMENDMENTS'. 


1 


ARTICLE  L  I 

Congress  iball  make  do  law  respec^g 
an  «8tablishineiit  of  relig^iit  or  prohibitiDg  the  free 
exercise  thereof;  or  abridging  the  freedom  of  speecb 
or  of  the  press  f  or  the  right  of  the  people  peaceably 
to  assemble,  and  to  petitkui  the  gOTernment  for  ft 
fcdress  of  grieyances^ 


/  ■rjrn^ 


n. 


A  well  reguMed  militia  being  necessary  to  the 
security  of  a  free  state,  the  right  of  the  people  to  keep 
and  bear  amis  shaH  not  be  infringed. 


ARTICLE  III. 

No  soldier  shall  in  time  of  peace  be  quartered  in 
any  house,  without  the  consent  of  the  owner,'  nor 
in  time  of  war,  but  in  a  manner  to  be  prescribed 
by  law. 


m= 


^  THE  UNITED  STATES.  tS9 

ARTICLE  IV. 

-  The  right  of  ike  peo|iIe  to  be  seourc  in  their  pt r- 
eons,  houses,  papers,  and  effects,  against  unreasona- 
ble searches  and  seizures,  shall  not  be  violated,  and 
no  warrants  shall  issue,  but  upon  probable  cause, 
supported  by  oath  or  affirmation,  and  particulafl^ 
describing  the  place  to  be^  searched,  and  the  persons 
or  things  to  be  seized. 

Article  v. 

No  person  shall  be  held  to  answer  for  a  capital,  or 
otherwise  infamous  crime,  ufiless  on  a  presentment 
or  indictment  of  a  grand  jury,  except  incases  arising 
in  the  land  or  naval  forces,  or  in  the  alitia,  when  in 
actual  service,  in  time  of  war,  or  public  danger :  Nor 
shall  any  person  be  subject  for  the  same  offencO^to 
be  twice  put  in  jeopardy  of  life  or  limb ;  nor  shall 
be  compelled,  in  any  criminal  case,  to  be  witness 
against  himself ;  nor  be  deprived  of  life,  liberty,  or 
property,  without  due  process  of  law :  nor  shall  pri- 
vate property  be  taken  for  public  use,  without  just 
compensation. 


/ 


I: 


i 


>^ 


CW  CDNftTITUTION  OF 

la  all  enminal  prosectftionB,  the  Accused  sk«II  en- 
joy the  right  to  a  speedy  and  pnbiic  tpA\,hy  an  im- 
partial juiy  af  HiesUte  and  district  wherein  the  crime 
sLaO  baye  b^en  ^omoritted ;  which  district  shall  have 
h^m  preiriously  i^sceiiained  by  kw,  and  to  be  in- 
S^MbJ  <^  tLc  laUire  and  cause  of  the  accusation ;  to 
foe  confronted  with  the  witnesses  against  him ;  to 
have  compulsory  process  for  obtaining  witnesses  in 
liisfaTor;  and  to  have  4iie nSfiSstance  ofcouncOfor 
bis  defence.    . 


ARTICLE  VII. 

Inj|i;^t8«^t  common  law^iiiiMiM^li^  in  xoih 

^irersy  shall  exceed  tw«oty  Mkrs,  the  fights 
trial  by  jfjry  shaUMEie  preseryed  :  and  no  fact  tried 
l»y  ft  jury  shall  be  otherwise  re-examined  in  any 
court  of  the  United  States,  than  according  to  the 
rules  of  the  common  law. 


ARTICLE  VIIL 

Excessive  bail  shall  not  be  required  ;  nor  exces- 
sive fines  imposed  ;  nor  cruel  and  unusual  punish- 
ments inflicted.  * 


•»f 


ien- 

have 

jein- 
a;  to 
n;  to 

isc)8  in 
cttfor 


teoBr 
ghtltf 
t  tried 
in  any 
to  the 


exces- 
punish- 


THE  UNraro  BTAXfiS.  841 

ARTICLE  IX. 

TThe  ^umeratioii,  in  the  constitution,  of  certain 
ri^tB  shall  not  he  construed  to  deny  or  disparage 

others,  retained  hy  th<;  people. 

■  ■  ^ 


ARTICLE  X. 

Th«  powers  m)t  delegated  to  Che  Umted  States  hy 
the  constitution,  nor  prohibited  hy  it  to  'the  states, 
are  reserred  to  the  states  respectively,  or  to  the 
peojde. 

AVCnClM  XL 

■  The  jiidieiBi  power  ef  the  United  States  diaH  not 
l>e  construed  to  emtend  to  any  suit  in  law  or  e^p^^ 
cosoBienced  or  prostscuted  against  one  of  the  United. 
States  by  citizens  of  another  state,  or  by  dtixens  or 
subjects  of  any  foreign  st»te. 

ARTICLE  XIL 

[This  article  ii  subatUtded  "  in  Heu  of  the  IJardpara-  W 
•*  &^^P^  of  the  first  section  of  the  sf^umd  article  of 
"  the  ConsijMion."] 

The  Electors  shall  meet  in  their  respective  states, 
and  vote  by  ballot  for  President  and  Vice-President, 

one  of  whom  at  least  shall  not  be  an  uahabitant  of 

W 


>.y! 


mm^ 


# 


-24i 


CliNSTITUnON  OP 


t 


m 


the  same  state  with  themselves.:  they  shall  name  in 
iheir  ballote  the  person  voted  for -as  PresideBt,^nd 

^  distiftot  ballots  Ihe  pers<m  Toted  for  as  ViCe-PresI'' 
dent ;  and  they  shall  make  distinct  lists  of  all  persons 
To^d  for  as  President  and  all  persons  voted  for  as 
Tice- President,  and  of  the  n<imb^  of  votes  for  each, 
ivhich  lists  they  shall  sign  and  Certify,  and  transmit, 
sealed,  to  the  «eat  of  the  government  of  the  United 
^States,  directed  to  th«  President  of  the  Senate.  The 
President  of  the  Senate  shall  in  the  presence  of  the 
^nate  and  Hoidse  of  Representatives,  open  all  the  cer- 
tificates and  the  votes  shall  then  be  counted :  the  per- 
-son  having  ^e  greatest  number  of  vdtes  for  President, 
4i^  be  the  Resident,  if  such  mifilber  b«'a  majority 
•^f  ^e  wttole  nirilber  ef  electors  appointed;  and  if 
no  person  have  such  majority,  then  from  the  persons 
having  the  greatest  number,  ^  not  exceeding  three  on 
the  Ust  of  those  voted  for  as  President,  the  House  of 
Piepresentatives  shall  choose  immediately,  by  ballot, 
the  President ;  but  in  choosing  the  President,  the 
votes  sliall  be  t^ken  by  states  ;  the  representation 
from  each  state  having  one  vote  :  a  quorum  for  this 
purpose  shall  consist  of  a  member  or  members  from 
two  thirds  of  the  states,  and  a  majority  of  all  the 
states  shall  be  necessary  to  a  choice ;  and  if  the. 


^^?Wp!57iP»iPF??l» 


J  i.'iWipifV|ii|pui 


THE  UNITED  STATES. 


S^ 


!  House  of  Rcpresentatiyes  shall  not  choose  a  Presi* 
dent  whenever  the  right  of  choice  sfaaUdevolFe  upon 
them,  before  the  fourth  «clay  of  March  next  following, 
then  the  Vice-President  ahaJI  h^^t  as  President,  as  in 
the  case  of  the  death  or  other  constitutional  disabilitj 
of  the'  Presi<|ent  The  'person  haring  the  greatest 
number  of  votes  as  Yice-President  shall  be  Vice- 
President,  if  such  number  be  a  majority  of  tiie  whole 
ii)f[mber  of  the  electors  appointed ;  and  if  no  person 
l^ave  a  majority,  then  from  the  two  highest  numbers 
on  the  list,  the  Senate  shall  choose  the  Vice-Presi' 
djent :  a  quorum  ^r  the  purpose  shall  consist  of  twob. 

thirds  of,  the  whole  number  of  Senators,  and  a  major- 

•        •  .    .  .    •         « 

ity  of  the  whole  number  shall  be  necessary  to  a 
cbpJce ;,  but  no  i^erson^  constitutionally  ineligible  la. 
tjbe  ofi^e  of  President  shall  be  eli^Mc  to  thaf  of 
, Jfi^?"^?*!  *^^  ^^  Uliited  States. 


•in 


^Wr 


DECLARATION 

OP 

INDEPENDENCE. 


v^ 


Ih  Generai  Congress,  Philadelphia^  July  K^  177eu 

▼  T  HEN  in  the  co'irse  of  human  eyente,  if 
becomes  necessary  for  one  people  to  dissolve  the^- 
political  bands  which  haye  eonnected  them  with  an* 
df  her,  and  to  assume  among  the  powers  of  the  earth, 
tiie  separate  and  equat  station  to  which  the  laws  of 
mytnre  and  of  nature's  God  entitle  them,  a  decent  res^ 
peet  to  tHe  opinibia  of  man&ind  requires  that  they 
ahould  declare  the  causes  which  impel  them  to  the^ 
separation. 

We  hold  these  truths  to  be  self  eyident :  th&t  all 
men  are  created  equal :  that  they  ftr e  endowed  by 
their  Creator  with  certain  unaliek^ab'^e  rights :  that 
among  these  are  life,  liberty,  and  the  pursuit  of  liap*^! 
|»iness.  That  to  secure  these  rights,  goyernments-  - 
are  instituted  among  men,  deriving  their  just  powers 
from  the  consent  of  the  ^overne'^;  tha(  whenevec 


im'W^^- 


^^^-^^■ml 


w^mmrnm^ffiimfjimi!^^ 


n.»»-f«^ 


BECLAIIATIOI^  OP,  Uc.  ^ 

toy  Cprm  of  Governmept  becomes  destructive  of 
these  ends,  it  is  t|;ie  tight  of  the  peo|»te  to  lUter  or  abo- 
lish it,  and  to  institute  new  government,  hiding  its 
foundation  on  such  principles,  and  organizing  its 
powers  in  such  form«  ^s  to  them  s^I  seem  most 
likely  to  effect  their  safety  and  happiness.  Pru;' 
dence  indeed  will  dictate,  thi\t  governments  long  es- 
tabli'  hed  6hs)uld  not  be  changed  for  hght  and  transient 
causes,  and  accordingly  all  experience  hath  shewn, 
that  man!:ind  are  more  disposed  to  suffer  while  evils 
are  sufferable,  than  to  right  themselves  by  abolishing 
tiie  forms  to  which  they  are  accustomed.  Itut  when 
a  long  train  of  abuses  and  usurpations  pursuing  in- 
urariably  the  same  object,  evinces  a  design  to  reduce 

^m  undier  absolute  despotism^  it  is  their  right,  it  Is 
their  duty,  to.  throw  off  such  government,  and  to  pro- 
vide new  guards  for  their  future  security.  Such  has 
been  the  patient  sufferance  of  these  colonies  ;  and 
such  is  now  the  necessity  which  constrains  them  to 
alter  their  former  systems  of  government  The  his- 
tory of  the  present  king  of  (j^eat- Britain  is  a  history 
of  repeated  injuries  and  usurpations,  all  having  in  dt-^ 
i  ect  object  the  establishment  of  an  absolute  tyrann j^ 
over  these  states.    To  prove  this,  let  facts  be  sul^^ 

nutted  to  a  candid  worid*  ^ 

W2 


"iPPPPI/yJU"!.' ' 


''^'*f-WH  '-,.Jl'K'.:T-','fl;',r»-«' 


9M 


DECLARATION  OF 


y\ 


He  has  refused  his  assent  to  laws  the  moatr  whofe^ 
some  and  deciessary  for  the  public  goodi. 

He  has  forbidden  his  government  to  pass  laws  of 
immediate  and  pressing  importance,  unless  suspend- 
ed in  their  operation  till  Bis  assent  should  be  obtain- 
ed ;  and  when^o  suspended,  he  has  utterly  neglected 
to  attend  to  them^ 

He  has  refused  to  pass  other  laws  for  the  accoinr- 
modatlon  of  large  districts  of  people,  unless  those  peo:- 
pie  would  relinquish  the  right  of  representation  in  the 
legislation;  a  right  inestimable  to  them,  and  formlr 
dable  to  tyrants  only. 

He  has  eafled^  together  Kegislative  bodies  at  places 
unusual,  uncomfortcble,  and  distant  from  the  deposit 
tory  of  their  public  reeordsi  for  the  sole  purpose  of 
fatiguing  them  into  compHanee  with  bis  measuKs^ 

He  has  dissolved  Representative  Houses  repeated- 
ly,  for  opposing  with  manly  firmness  his  invasions  on 
fte  rights  of  the  people. 

He  has  refused  for  a  long  titaie,  after  such  dissolu- 
tions, to  cause  others  to  be  elected ;  whereby  the 
fe^slative  powers  incapable  of  annihilation,  have 
returned  lo  the  people  at  large,  for  their  exercise; 
the  state  remainipg  in  the  mean  time  exposed  ta^ 


,J      P,;.,'^U 


" !  fjp»»i| '^'i-i«! '!! w>'i!f 'W!NW"Wwpiwf|ff5ppiin|pP 


iNDEFENBENOE. 


MT 


saolur 
the 
have 
cise; 


the  danger  ofinvMioiifcoiii  witlioiit,aiide<mviilftioii» 
within. 

'  He  has  endeavomd  ta  prevetet  the  popolatiott  of 
these  states  ;  for  that  purpose  obstructhig  the  laws- 
16c  naturalization  of  foreigners;  revising  topas^oth.- 
eis  to  encourage  their  migration^  hither^  and  raisin^^ 
the  conditions  of  new  appropriations  of  lands. 

He  has  obstructed  tile  adininistralion  of  justice,  hf 
refusing  his  assent  to  lan!^  iht  estabttshing  JutBciar;^ 
powers.  ' 

He  has  made  judges  t'^ndient  on  his  will  alone^. 
ioT  the  tenure  of  theur  offices,.aitd  th^  amount  and^ 
payments  of  their  salaries.. 

He  has  erected  a  multitude  of  new  offieeS)  imdi 
sent  hither  swarms  of  offic^ers  to  harrass  our  people 
and  eat  out  their  substance*.  ; 

He  has  kept  among  us,  in  times  otpeace,  standing: 
armies  without  the  consent  of  our  Legisl|itures« 

He  has  a£fected  to  render  the  mihtarj  indepen? 
dent  of,  and  superior  to,  the  ciTil  power; 

He  has  cdmbined  with  others  to  subject  us  to  » 
jurisdiction  foreign  to  oar  Coostitutioni  and  um^ 


V   -J 


0 


^^P^m^mmm^ 


%^$ 


DilCliABATIOK  OF 


^powledged  Ijy  our  law&;  ffxing  bis  assent  to  thek 
acts  of  pretended  legislatioow 

For  quartering  large  hodieB  of  troops  among  us  : 

For  protecting  tfaem^  bf  a  mock  trial,  from  punish- 
ment for  any  murders  they  should  commit  on  the 
tohabitants  of  these  states :    " 

For  cutting  off  our  trade  wifli  all  parts  of  the  world : 

For  imposing  ta^fg  on  us  without  our  consent ; 

For  depriving  us  in  many  ca8e»  of  the  benefits  of 
trial  by  jury : 

'■  For  transporting  us  beyond  seaa  to  be  tried  Sow 
pretended  offences : 

For  abotishing  the  free  system  of  English  laws  in 
a  neighboring  province,  estabik  ing  therein  an  arbi- 
trary government,  and  enlarging  its  boundries,  so  as 
^  render  It  ^  ^pnce  ^n  example  and  fit  instrument 
lb?  introduciug  the  sapie  absolute  rule  into  these  co* 
lonies : 

For  taking  away  our  cbait^r^^.a^nshing  our  most 
valuable  laws,  and  altering  fun^ament^y^  the  forms 
of  our  govemmeat : 


.■,yft,.    .  .:-ttfi4.J^'.? 


ii*SiJ&,i(iii£&  i 


:p   mm'- 


I"' ' » •■II m.^  'm^y'imflm^^ 


INDEPENDENCE. 


JM9 


Fbf  suspending  our  own  Legislatures  and  declar^ 
iog  themselves  invested  with  power  to  legislate  for. 
us  in  all  cases  whu^soever. 

He  has  abdicated  government  here^  by  dechrin|^ 
tts  but  of  his  protection,  and  waging  war  against  ^». 

He  has  pKundered  our  seas,  ravaged  our  coasta^, 
burnt  our  towns^  and  destroyed  the  lives  of  our  pe<|r 
pie. 

He  is  at  this  trme  transporting  largs.  annie»ot 
foreign  mercenaries  to  complete  the  works-  of  death^. 
desolation,  and  lyranny,  already  begun  with  circum** 
stances  of  cruelty  and  perfidy,  scarcely  paralleled  in 
Ihe  most  barbarous  ages,  and  totally  unworthy  the^ 
h^ad  of  a  civilized  nation.  : 

He  has  constrained  our  fellow  citizena,  taken  cap*' 
iive  on  tlie  high  seas,  to  bear  arms  against  their 
country,  to  beeome  the  executioners  of  their  friends 
and  brethren,  or  to  faH  themselves  by'  their  hands. 

He  has  excited  domestie  insurrections  among  us^ 

'■'  t. 
ftudhas  endeavored  to  bring  on  the  inhabitants  of 

our  frontiers  the  merciless  Indian  savages,  whose 

known  rule  of  ^rfare  is  an  undistinguished  de8ttac:> 

tioB  of  all  ages,  sexes,  and  conditions. 


>;•! 


mm 


iiMPIiiiiiPili 


ppupp'^ 


Wi 


DBGLARA^ieN  OF 


ll::'-:- 


¥:■'■' 


^  lit  every,  stage  of  these  oppressions^  we  have  pe- 
ttUoned  for  redress  in  the  most  humble  terms  ;  our 
repeated  petitions  have  been  answered  onJy  Ji)y  re* 
peated  injury.  A.  prince,  whose  character  is  thus 
marked  by  every  act  which  may  define  a  tyrant,  ia 
unfit  to  be  the  ruler  of  a  free  people. 

Nor  have  we  been  wanting  in  attention  to  our 
British  brethren.  We  have  warned  them  from  time 
to  time  of  attempts  made  by  their  legislature  to  ez« 
fetiCt  an '  unwarrantable  jurisdiction  over  us.-^We 
Ijaire  reminded  them  of  the  circumstances  of  oinr- 
'emigratioo  and?  settlement  here.  We  have  appeal* 
ed  to  their  n&^ve  justice  and  magnanimity^  and  we 
have  conjured  them  by  the  ties  of  our  common 
kindred,  to  disavow  these  usurpations,  which  woulil 
inevitab^  interrupt  our  connection  and  correspoqd- 
ence.  They,  too,  have  bee|i  deaf  to  the  voice  of 
justice  ajBud  of  consangHinity.  We  must  therefore, 
a^^ttiesoe  in  the  necessity  which  denounces  our 
separation  and  hold  them  as  we  hold  the  rest  of 
pankiud — enemies  in  war  i  in  peace  friends. 

.  WE,  ihecelorex  the  {tepreseetatives  of  the  United^ 
States  of  America,  in  Oeneral  Congress  assembled, 
appealing  to  thlj  Sljapre^^e  Judge  of  the  world,  for 


■'•^Ty.F*^^^^^; 


(he  rteetitade  of  our  intentions,  DO,  in  the  hAnie,«iiJd 
hy  the  authority  of  the  good  People  of  these  OoiCH 
nies,  solemnly  publish  and  declare,  Thlit  these  Unit* 
ed  Colonies  are,  and  of  right  ought  to  be,  FRfifl 
AND  INDEPENDENT  STATES ;  that  they  are 
absOfved  from  all  allegiance  to  the  British  crown^ 
and  that  all  political  connection  between  them  and 
the  state  of  Great- Britain  is,  and  ought  to  be  totally 
dissolved  ;  and  that  as  Free  and  Independent  States, 
they  have  fuU  power  to  levy  war,  conclude  peaces 
contract  alliances,  establish  commerce,  and  to  do  all 
other  acts  and  things  which  Independent  States  may 
of  right  do.  And  for  the  support  of  this  declaration^ 
with  a  firm  reliance  on  the  protection  of  Divine 
Providence,  we  mutually  pledge  to  each  other,  our 
lives,  our  fortunes,  and  our  sacred  honor. 

JOHN  HANCOCK,  President. 

New-Hampshire — Josiah  Bartlett,  Wm.  Whipple, 
Matthew  Thornton.  Massadiusetfs-Bay — Samuel  Ad- 
ams, John  Adams,  Rob.  T.  Paine,  Elbridge  Gerry. 
Rhode-Island — Stephen  Hopkins,  William  Ellery. 
Conneclicui — Roger  Sherman,  Saml.  Huntington, 
Wm.  WilUams,  Oliver,  Wolcott.  A'ew-ForA:— Wil- 
liam Floyd,  Philip  Livingston,  Francis  Lewis,  Lewis 
Morris.      New-Jersei^ — Rich.  Stocltton,  J.  Wither- 


12$£  DECLARATION  OF,  Sec 

ipooD,  Fr.  Hopkinson,  J.  Hart,  Ab.  Clark.  Penn- 
sylvania— ^Robert  Morris,  Beojamin  Rush,  Benja- 
min Franklin,  Jolin  Morton,  George  Clymer,  James 
Bmith,  George  Taylor,  Jamee  Wilson,  George  Ross. 
Dekuvare-^Ctani  Rodney,  George  Read.  Man^ 
tand^SMn,  Cliase,  Wm.  Paca,  Tho.  Stone,  Charles 
Carroll,  -of  CarrolUon.  Virginia— ^Qeo.  Wythe, 
Rich.  H.  Xiee,  Th.  Jefferson,  Benjamin  Harrisoi^ 
Thomas  Nelson,  junior,  Francis-Lightfoot  Lee,  Car* 
tcr  Braxton.-  North-Carolina — ^WiUiam  Hooper,  Jo- 
seph Hewes,  John  Penn.  SoutftrCarolina — EdvK. 
Kutledge,  Th.  Heyward,  jun.  Th.  Lynch,  jiin.  Ar. 
-Middleton.  Qeorgia — Button  Qmsmtii^  Lyman 
fiall,  George  Walton. 


PRESIDENT  WASHINGTON'S 


FAREWELL  ADDRESS. 


-4«- 


TG  THE»J?E0PU5  OV 

THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Vntnds  and  Fellom-Cilizens^ 

JL  HE  period  for  a  new  election  of  a  citizenj 
to  administer  tfae  Executive  Goyemment  of  the  Unit- 
ed States,  being  not  far  distant,  and  the  time  actual- 
ly arrived  when  your  thoughts  must  be  employed  io 
designating  the  person  who  is  to  be  clothed  with 
that  important  trust,  it  appears  to  me  proper,  espe- 
cially as  it  may  conduce  to  a  more  distinct  expres- 
sion of  the  public  voice,  that  I  should  now  apprise 
you  of  the  resolution  I  have  formed,  to  decline  be- 
ing considered  among  the  number  of  those  out  of 
whom  a  choice  is  to  be  made. 


-#" 


iy 


2«        PRESIDENT  WASHINGTON'S 


iii>%- 

:':.\--'-^'.- 


I  'jeg  you,  at  the  same  time,  to  do  me  the  jastice 
to  be  assured,  that  this  resolution  has  not  been  taken, 
mthout  a  strict  regard  t^  all  the  consideirations  ap[>er- 
taiaiog  to  lue  relation,  which  binds  a  dutiful  citizen 
to  his  country ;  and  that,  in  withdk  {^.wing  the  tender 
^f  service  v/hich  silence  in  my  situation  might  ini|)1^, 
I  &m  mflusnced  by  eg  diminution  of  zeal  for  y6uv 
future  interest ;  no  defficiency  of  grateful  respect  for 
your  past  kindness ;  but  am  supported  by  a  full  con- 
Tiction  that  the  step  is  compatible  with  both. 

The  acceptance  of,  and  conttnuuice  hitherto  in, 
the  office  to  which  your  suffrages  hare  twice  called 
<tte,  hare  been  a  uniform  sacrifice  of  inclinaiion  to 
the  opinion  of  dufy,  and  to  a  deference^ for  n^hat  ap- 
peared to  be  your  desire.  I  constantly  hoped  that 
it  would  have  been  much  earlier  in  my  power,  con- 
sistently with  motives,  which  I  was  not  at  liberty 
to  disregard,  to  return  to  that  retirement,  from  whiofa 
I  had  been  reluctantly  drawn.  The  strength  of  my 
Indina'aon  to  do  this,  previous  to  the  last  election^ 
had  even  led  to  tlie  prepartion  of  an  address  to  de- 
clare it  to  you  ;  but  mature  refiv^^ction  on  the  then 
perplexed  and  critical  posiure  of  our  affairs  with 
furt-ign  nations,  and  the  uoaoimous  advice  of  per- 


PAREWELL  ADDRESS. 


Ml 


•:  -m 


Bovi  entitled  to  my  confidence,  impelled  me  to 
abandon  the  idea-. 

'  I  rejoice  that  the  stafe  of  jour  concerns,  exter- 
nal as  well  a»  internal,  no  longer  renders  the  pursuit 
of  inclination  incompatible  with  the  sentiment  of  du- 
ty or  propriety  :  and  am  persuaded,  whatever  par- 
tiality may  be  retained  for  my  service,  that  in  the 
present  chrcumstances  of  our  country,  you  will  not 
disapprr  7^  of  my  determination  to  retire. 

lae  impressions  with  which  I  fiiF*  undertook  tHe 
arduous  trust,  were  explained  oh  the  proper  occa- 
,  8ion.«  In  the  discharge  of  this  trust,  I  will  only  say, 
that  I  have  with  good  iutentic  is  contributed  towards 
ihe  organization  and  administration  of  the  gover^}- 
meiit,  the  best  exertions  of  which  a  very  falliable 
judgment  was  capable.  Not  unconscious  in  the  out- 
set of  the  inferiority  of  my  qualifications,  experi- 
ence in  my  own  eyes,  perhaps  still  more  in  the  eyes 
of  others,  has  strengthened  the  motives  to  ditfidcnce 
of  myself  j  and  evey  day  the  increasing  weight  of 
years  admonishes  more  and  more,  that  the  shade  of 
Iretirement  is  as  necessary  to  me  as  it  will  be  wel- 
come. Satisfied  that  if  any  circumstances  have  giv- 
en peculiar  value  to  my  services,  they  were  tempo- 
rary ;  I  have  the  consolation  to  believe  that  white 


*i.t  ..■■',.-    .. 


w 


.cho|ce  andpmdeciee  iuyiie  me  to  quit  the  pplUieal 
scene,  patriotism  does  not  forbid  it. 

In  looking  forward  to  the  moment,  which  is  in- 
tended  to  terminate  the  career  of  my  public  life^ 
my  feelings  do  not  permit  me  to  suspend  the  deef^ 
acknowledgment  of  that  debt  of  gratitude  which  | 
owe  to  my  beloved  country,  for  the  many  honors 
it  has  conferred  upon  me  ;  still  more  for  the  sted- 
fast  confidence  with  which  it  has  supported  me ; 
and  for  Ihe  opportunities  I  have  thence  enjoyed  of 
manifesting  my  inyiolable  attachment,  by  services 
faithful  and  perscTering,  thotigh  in  usefulness  unequal 
to  my  zeak  If  benefits  have  resulted  to  our  coun- 
try from  these  services,  let  it  always  be  remembered 
if}  our  praise,  and  as  an  instructive  example  in  our 
annals^  that  under  circumstances  in  which  the  pas- 
sions, agitated  in  every  direction,  were  liab/e  to  misr 
lead — amidst  appearances  sometimes  dubious — vi- 
cissitudes of  fortune  often  discouraging — in  situa- 
tions in  which  not  unfrequently  want  of  success  has 
countenanced  a  spirit  of  criticism — the  constancy  of 
your  support  was  the  essential  prop  of  tlie  efforts 
and  a  guarantee  of  Uie^  plans  by  which  they  were 
everted.  Profoundly  penetrated  with  this  idea  I 
iball  carry  it  with  me  to  m^  grave^  as  a  strong  ict- 


FAREWELL  ADDRESS.  fiSS 

ettement  to  mieeasiog  vows  that  Hearen  may  con* 
tinue  to  you  the  cboieest  tokens  of  its  benifiGcftice 
■ii^-that  your  union  and  brotherjy  affection  may  be 
perpetual— that  the  free  constitution,  which  is  the 
work  of  your  hands  may  he  sacredly  maintained — 
that  its  administration  in  every  department  may  be 
stamped  with  wisdom  and  yirtue— that  in  fine,  the 
happiness  of  the  people  of  these  states,  under  the 
auspices  of  liberty^,  may  be  made  complete,  by  so 
careful  a  preservation,  and  so  prudent  a.  use  of  this 
blessing  as  will  acquire  to  them  the  glory  of  recom- 
mending it  to  the  applause,  the  atSection,  and  adop« 
tion  Of  every  nation  which,  is  yet  a  stranger  to  it. 

Here,  perhaps,  I  ought  to  stop^  But  a  solicitude 
for  your  welfare,  which  cannot  end  but  witti  my 
lifej  and  the  apprehension  of  danger  natural  to  that 
solicitude,  urge  me>  on  an  occasion  like  the  present,, 
to  offer  to  your  solemn  contemplation^  and  to  re- 
commend to  your  frequent  review,  some  sentiment? 
which  are  the  result  of  much  reflection,,  of  no  incon- 
siderable observation,  and  which  appear  to  me  all- 
important  to  the  permanency  of  your  felicity  as  ai^ 
people.  These  v^ill  be  offered  to  you  with  thct' 
more  freedom,  as  you   can  only  feel  in  them  the 

disinterested  warnings  of  a  parting  friend,  who  caq. 

X  2 


vr 


256        PRESIDENT  WASHINGTON'S 

possibly  have  no  personal  motive  to  bias  his  coii»- 
sel«.  Nor  can  I  forget  as  an  encouragement  to  it,- 
your  indulgent  reception  of  my  sentiments,  on  a  for- 
mer and  not  dissimilar  occasion. 

Interwoven  as  is  the  love  of  liberty  with  e^rf 
ligament  of  your  hearts,  no  recommendation  of  mine 
is  necessary  to  fortify  or  confirm  the  attachment. ' 

The  unity  of  government  which  constitutes  you 
6ne  people,  is  also  dear  to  you.  It  is  justly  so ;  for 
it  is  a  main  pillar  in  the  edifice  of  your  real  inde^ 
pendence,  the  support  of  your  tranquility  at  home, 
your  peace  abroad;  of  your  safety;  of  your,  pros- 
perity; of  that  very  liberty  which  you  so  highly 
prize.  Bz^t  as  it  is  easy  to  foresee  that  from  different 
caus^si^ahd  from  different  quarters,  much  pains  will 
be  taken,  many  artifices  employed,  to  weaken  in 
your  minds  the  conviction  of  this  truth  ;  as  this  h 
the  point  in  your  political  fortress  against  which  the 
batteries  of  internal  and  external  enemies  will  be 
most  constantly  and  actively  (though  often  covertly 
and  insidlQusly)  directed,  it'  is  of  infinite  monaent 
that  you  should  properly  estimate  the  immense  value 
of  your  national  union,  to  your  collective  and  inr 
(dividual  happiness :  that  you  should  cherish  a  ifotr 


-uwrsF" 


^^'^lliP!iP^^ipP«P^'^''^P^ 


m 


FAREWELL  ADDftESS. 


257 


dial,  habitual,  and  immoTeable  attachment  to  it ;  kt^ 
Austoming  yourselves  to  think  and  speak  of  it  as  of 
*the  palladium  of  your  political  safety  and  prospert- 
iy  ;  watching  for  its  preservation  with  jealous  anxie- 
ty ;  discountenancing  whatever  may  suggest  even  a 
.suspicion  that  it  can  in  any  event  be  abandoned  ; 
and  indignantly  frowning  upon  the  first  dawning  of 
every  attempt  to  alienate  any  portion  of  our  coun- 
try  from  the  rest,  or  to  enfeeble  the  sacred  tie» 
which  now  fink  together  the  various  parts. 

For  this  you  have  every  inducement  of  sympathy 
and  interest.  Citizens  by  birth  or  choice,  of  a  com- 
mon country,  that  country  has  a  right  to  concentrate 
your  affections.  The  name  of  Am EaicAN,  which  be^ 
long9  to  you,  in  your  national  capacity,  must  ak 
ways  exalt  the  just  pride  of  patriotism  more  thaa 
any  appellation  derived  from  local  discriminations. 
With  slight  shades  of  difference,  you  have  the  same 
religion,  manners,  habits,  and  political  principleffv 
You  have  in  a  common  cause,  fought  and  triumph^ 
ed  together ;  the  independence  and  liberty  yo;'  pos^ 
sess  are  the  work  of  joint  counsels,  and  joint  ei^ 
IbBts,  of  common  dangers,  sufferings,  and  successes. 


,?rv^- 


■i 


d 


||lliPip.WWi.WWJ^ilPpJlll,44^ii 


m^^ 


flSt       PRESIDENT  WAaWNGTGtVB 

But  these  codsiderations,  however  powerfully  they 
address  themselTes  to  your  sensibility,  are  greatly 
^tweighed  by  those  which  apply  more  immediatiy 
to  your  interest.  Here  every  portion  of  our  country 
finds  the  most  commanding  motives  for  carefiil^ 
guarding  ami  preserving  the  union  of  the  whole. 

^he  Norikin  an  unrestrained  intercourse  with  the 
Soutkj  protected  by  the  equal  laws  cf  a  common 
government^  finds  in  the  productions  of  the  latter^ 
great  additional  fesources  of  mai^ime  and.  commer- 
cial enterprise,  and  precious  materials  of  manufa6tur- 
iflg  industry.  The  South,  in  the  same  intercourse, 
benefitting:  by  the  agency  of  the  North,  Heks  \h  agri- 
culture grow  and  its  commerce  expand. — Taming 
partly  into  Its  own  channels  the  seamen  of  the  Norih, 
it  finds  fs  particular  navigation  invigorated;  and 
while  it  contributes  in  difierent  ways^to  nourish  and 

increase  the  general  mass  of  the  national  navigation 
it  look?  'brward  to  the  protection  of  a  maritime 
strength  to  which  itself  is  unequally  adapted.  The 
East,  in  a  like  intercourse  with  the  West,  already 
finds,  and  in  the  progressive  improvement  of  interior 
eonununications,  by  lend  and  water,  will  more  aad 
more  find  a  valuable  vent  for  the  commodities  which 
it  brings  from  abroad,  or  manufactures  at  home. 


■&t^i.-.«iut>£^.i 


jj^tJ^^^j  JW;-  r 


"('Pipplpp'pipiflipippfp 


Hie  West  AeriveB  from  the  £a</  supplier  ffe^uisite  to 
its  growth  and  comibrt ;  ftnd  what  is  perhUps  of  stiH 
greater  consequence,  it  must  of  necessity  owe  tiie 
secure  enjoyment  of  indispensable  outkts  for  its  owB 
productions  to  the  weight,  influence,  and  the  future 
maritime  strength  of  the  Atlantic  side  of  the  Union, 
directed  by  an  indissoluble  community  of  in^rest 
as  one  nation.  Any  other  tenure  by  which  the  West 
can  hold  this  essential  advantage,  whether  derived 
from  its  own  separnte  strength,  ^^  iVom  an  apostate 
and  unnatural  connection  with  any  foreign  power^ 
must  be  intrinsicly  precarious. 

Wbile  then  eveiy  part  of  our  country  thus  feeb  an. 
immediate  and  particular  interest  in  union,  aH  the 
parts  combined>eannotX)ul  to  find  in  the  united  mas»^ 
oCmeans  And  ell^rts  greater  strength,  greater  resource,, 
proportionably  greater  security  firom  external  dan- 
ger,, a  less  frequent  ioterrupttoa  of  their  peace  by 
ibreign  nations.;  and  what  is^  of  most  Inestimable, 
value!  they  must  derive  from  union  an  exemption 
from  those  broils  and  wars  between  themselves,  which 
so  frequency  aiSict  neighboring  countries  not  tied 
together  by  the  same  government :  wliich  their  own 
rival-ships  alone  would  be  sufficient  to  produce,  but 
which  opposite  ibreign  alliances,  attachments,  and 


|i||lfi^illUJI|JiWiiililipiJlfiUili|!l{|,(i|p^^ 

Zeo        PRE^IDEKT  WASHINGTON'S 

intrigues  would  stimulate  and  embitter.  Hence 
likewise  they  will  avoid  the  necessity  of  those  over- 
^it)Wn  military  establishments  whicb  wider  any 
form  of  govemmenC  are  inauspicious  to  liberty,  and 
which  are  to  be  regarded  as  particularly  hostile  to  Re- 
publican liberty.  In  this  sense  it  is  that  your  union 
cught  to  be  considered  as  a  main  p  'op  of  your  liber- 
ty, and  that  the  lore  of  the  one,  ought  to  endear  to 
you  the  preservation  of  the  other* 

These  considieratioDs  speak  a  persuasive  iangua^^ 
to  every  reflecting  and  virtuous  mind,  and  exhibft 
the  continuance  of  the  Union  as  a  primary  object  of 
.patriotic  desire.  Is  there  a.  doubt  whether  a  com- 
mon government  can  embrace  so  large  a  sphere  ? 
■Let  experience  solve  it.  To  listen  to  mere  specu- 
lation in  such  a  case,  were  criminal.  We  are  au- 
thorised to  hope  that  a  proper  organization  of  the 
whole,  with  the  auxiiary  agency  of  governments  for 
the  respective  subdivisions,  will  afford  a  happy  issue 
to  the  experiment.  'Tis  well  worth  a  ft'ir  and  full 
experiment.  With  such  powerful  and  obvious  mo- 
tives to  union,  affecting  all  parts  of  our  country, 
while  experience  shall  not  have  demonstrated  its 
iiDpracitcabiJUy,  there  will  always  be  reason  to  dis- 


Id*-  .,  liUrAJu^  i.-ss^li 


iiiiiiiAii4iiiiTii'i 


'vfur^. 


FAREWELL  ADDRESS. 


itl 


imst  the  patriotism  of  those  who  in  any  quc^fter  may 
endeavor  to  weaken  its  bands. 


^'^ 


In  contemplating  the  causes  wbicli  may  disturb 
QiUr  union,  it  occurs  as  matter  of  serious  concern, 
that  any  ground  should  have  been  furnished  for 
characterising  parties  by  ^eo^op/ttca/ discriminations 
— NorOien  and  SoiUhem — Atlantic  and  Western; 
whence  designing  men  may  endeavor  to  excite  a 
belief  that  tbei«  is  a  real  difference  of  local  interests 
and  views.  One  of  these  expedients  of  party  to 
acquire  influence  within  particular  districts,  is  to  mis- 
represent the  opinions  and  aims  of  other  districts. 
Tou  cannot  shield  yourselves  too  much  against  the 
jealousies  and  heart-burnings  which  spring  from 
those  misrepresentations  ;  they  tend  to  render  alien 
to  each  other  those,  who  ought  to  be  bound  together 
by  fraternal  affettion.  The  inhabitants  of  our  west- 
ern cotintry  have  lately  bad  a  useful  lesson  on  this 
head :  they  have  seen  in  the  negoclation  by  the  ex- 
i^utiV^,  and  in  the  unanimous  ratification  by  the 
Senate,  of  the  treaty  with  Spain,  and  in  the  univer- 
sal satisfaction  at  that  event  throughout  the  United 
States,  a  decisive  proof  how  unfounded  were  the 
suspicions  propagated  among  tbem,  of  a  policy  in 
the    general    government,    and    in    the   Atlantic 


V 


11' 


.*■■ 


w 


PRBSmENT  WA8fflN6TON'S 

IBtates,  unfHendly  to4heir  ioterests  in  regard  to  the 
Mississippi ;  they  have  been  witnesses  to  the  formal 
tion  of  two  treaties,  that  with  Great-Britain,  and  that 
with  Spain,  which  sectire  to  them  every  thing  they 
isould  desire,  in  respect  to  our  foreign  relations,  tow- 
^di  confirming  theur  prosperity.  Will  it  not  be 
their  wisdom  to  rely,  for  the  preservation  of  these 
advantages  on  the  Union  l>y  which  they  were  pro- 
cured ?  Will  they  not  henceforth  be  ileaf  to  those 
«dvilers,  if  such  there  are,  who  would  sever  them 
^'from  their^ brethren,  and  connect  them  with  aliens  ? 

To  the  efficacy  and  permanency  of  your  union, 
«  government  for  the  v^  ole  is  indispensable.  No 
alliances,  however  strict,  between  the  parts  can  be 
0Xi.  adequate  substitute ;  they  must  tnevitaUy  expe- 
rience the  infractions  and  ioterraptions  which  all 
•aUiances  in  all  times  have  experienced.  Sensible 
of  thi^  momentous  truth,  you  have  improved  upon 
your  first  essay  by  the  adoption  of  a  constitution  of 
government  better  calculated  than  your  former,  for  an 
intimate  union,  and  for  the  efficacious  management 
of  your  common  concerns. — This  government,  the 
offspring  of  our  own  choice,  uninfluenced  and  un? 
awed,  adopted  upon  full  investigation  and  mature 
deliberation,  completed  free  in  its  principles,  in  the 


FAREWELL  ADDRESS. 


2e^" 


dfslribution  of  its  powers,  uniting  security  with  eiier^ 
gy,  and  containing  within^  itfeiclf  a  provision  for  its 
ajinendment,  has  a  just  dalm  to  your  confi^nce  andT 
ybur  support. — Respect  fbr  its  authority,  cbmpliance  ' 
wkh  its  laws,  acquiescence  in  its  measures,  r;e  du« 
ties   enjoined  by   the  fundamental  maxirois  of  inie 
liberty,    Tlie  basis  of  our  political  system  is,  the 
right  of  the  jxeople  to  make  and  to  alter  their  consti*  ' 
tution  of  govemnaent.    Bi't,  the  constitution  vifiich 
a^any  time  exists^  tiH  changed  by  an  explicit  and 
ayMientic  act, 0£  the  whole  people,  is  secredfy  obK*  - 
gfttory  i]p«D«Ali;    :The  very  idea  of  the  power  and 
tln^'right  of  the  people  to- establish  government,  pre- 
siipposes  the  duty  ofe^ery  ipdividnal  h  obey  the  ' 
established  government.  -^ 

All  obstructions  to  the  execution  of  the  laws,  lAl 
combinations  and  Jtssociations,  under  whatever  plau' 
sible  character,  witE  the  X'ekl  design  to  direct,  con^'" 
trol,  v^outiteract,  ortaib  the  regular  deliberation  and 
action  of  the  constihited  authorities,  are  destructive 
of  this  fundamentai  ^nciplc,  and  of  fatal  tendency. 
They  serve  to  organi^se  faction  j  to  give  it  an  arti- 
ficial and  extraordinary  force  ;  to  putnin  the  place 
of  the  delegated  will  of  the  nation,  the  will  of  a  par- 
ty, often  a  small,  but  artful  and  enterprising  minori- 

Y  4.' 


*'3 


-sfV:;- 


f^^^ 


864       PRESIDENT  WABHINOTONTS 

ij  of  the  community  ;  and,  according  to  the  alter- 
nate triumphs  of  different  parties,  to  make  the  pub- 
lic Administration  the  mirror  of  tbeill-concerted  and 
incongruous  projects  of  taction,  rather  than  the  or- 
gan of  consistent  and  wholesome  plans,  digested  by 
common  council,  and  modified  by  mutual  interestg. 

•  Howerer  combinatiom  or  associations  of  the 
above  description  may  now  and  then  answer  popu- 
lar ends,  they  are  likely,  in  the  course  of  time  and 
tilings,  to  become  potent  engines,  by  which  cunning, 
ambitious,  and  unprincipled  men  will  be  enabled  to 
subyert  the  power  of  the  people,  and  to  usurp  for 
themselves  the  reigns  of  government ;  destroying 
afterwards  the  very  engines  which  have  lifted  them 
to  unjust  dominion. 

towards  the  preservation  of  our  government, 
tnd  the  permanency  of  your  present  happy  state,  it 
is  requisite,  not  only  that  you  steadily  discounte- 
nance irregular  oppositions  to  its  acknowledged  au- 
thority, but  also,  that  you  resist  with  care  the  spirit 
of  innovation  upon  its  principles,  however  specious 
the  pretexts.  One  method  of  assault  may  be  to 
effect  in  the  forms  of  the  constitution,  alterations 
which  will  impair  the  energy  of  the  system,  and  thus 


l2£^»:iifi4uiliij£«^^>ui<a,L>u  Ai^A 


•li^^SR^P 


i:iix25^ii^*^ 


FAREWELL  ADDRESS. 


t^5 


to  nndermine  what  cannot  be  directly  overthrown. 
In  all  the  changes  to  which  you  may  be  invited, 
Wmember  that  time  and  habit  are  at  least  as  neces- 
sary to  fix  the  true  character  of  government  as  of 
other  human  institutions  ;  that  experience  is  the 
surest  standard  by  which  to  rest  the  real  tendency 
of  the  existing  constitution  of  a  country,  that  facili- 
ty in  changes  upon  the  credit  of  mere  hypothesis 
And  opinion,  exposes  to  perpetual  change,  from  the 
endlesa  variety  of  hypothesis  and  opinion  ;  and  re- 
member,  especially,  that  for  the  efficient  manage- 
ment of  your  common  interests,  in  a  country  so  ex- 
tensive as  ours,  a  goverment  of  as  much  vigor  as -is 
consistent  with  the  perfect  security  of  liberty  is  in- 
dispensable.   Liberty  itself  will  find  in  such  a  gov- 
erment with  powers  properly  distributed  and  adjuster 
ed,  its  surest  guardian.     It  is,  indeed,  little  else 
than  a  nanike  where  the  government  is  too  feeble  to 
withstand  the  enterprizes  of  faction,  to  confine  each 
member  of  the  society  within  the  limits  prescribed 
Jby  the  laws,  and  to  maintain  all  in  the  secure  and 
tranquil  enjoyment  of  the  rights  of  person  and  pror 
perty. 

I  have  already  intimated  to  yon  the  danger  of 
partiea  in  the  State^  with  peculiar  reference  to  the 


4 


2^       PRESIDENT.  WASHINGTON'S 

founding  of  ^m  on  geographicai  dtscrioiiBaCions. 
het  me  now  take  amore  coivpreheiieiTe  view,  ami 
Ti  ant  yoi^  i^  taa  moat  solemn  manner,  against  the 
-Itaneful  ejects  of  the  spirit  of  par^y,  generally^ 

This  spirit,  onfortunaieV,  fs  msepamblc  from  ow 
nature,  having  its  root  in  the  strongest  passions  of 
the  human  mind.  It  exists  mider  different  shapes  in 
ail  gov<?i%ment8,  more  or  less  stifled,  controIed,'oi: 
repressed ;  hut  in  those  of  tiie  popular  form  it  is  seen 

in  its  greateftt  ratiknets,  and  it  truly  tfaeif  T^oiat 

enemy.   ^  .  •  ■        , 

*£he  aFtenmf  >  domination  of  oae  faction  arer 

-- j   •-  . .    '        .  ,  .    ■  - 

another,  sharpened  by  the  spirit  of  revenge  natural 

to  party  dissension,  which  in  different  ages  and  coun- 
triss  has  perpetrated  the  most  horrid  enormities,  ik 
ilself  a  (H^htftit  despotism  :  but  this  leads  at  length. 
'^  a  more  formal  and  permanent  despotism.  Th» 
disorders  and  miseries  Which  result,  gradnally  induie 
the  minds  of  men  to  seek  security  and  repose  in  tlio 
absolute  power  of  an  individual ;  and  sooner  or  later 
ibS  chief  of  some  prevailing  faction,  more  able,  or 
fen  ore  fortunate  than  his  v:ompetifors,  turns  this  dis- 
pos  tion  to  the  purposes  of  his  own  elevatiOM,  on 
the  riiinB«ofr  public^  liberty.  •     •  ,  .   i 


iJi±s^iS^^^i 


;:^...,    iA'i^l 


FAREWELL  ADDRESS. 


267 


Without  looking  forward  to  an  extremity  of  this 
kind,  (which,  Devertheless,  ought  not  to  be  entirely 
out  of  sight)  the  common  and  continual  mischiefs  of 
the  spirit  of  party,  are  sufficient  to' make  it  the  inter- 
est and  duly  of  a  wise,  peopte  to  discourage  and  re- 
strain it. 

It  serves  always  to  distract  the  public  councils, 
and  enfeeble  the  public  administration.  It  agitates 
the  community  with  iilfoufiu^d  jealousies  and  false 
alarms— kindles  the  animosity  of  one  party  against 
another,  foments  occasionally  riot  and  insurrection. 
It  opens  the  door  to  foreign  influence  and  corruption, 
which  find  a  facilitated  access  to  the  government 
itself  through  the  channels  of  party  passion.  Thus 
Ihe  policy  and  the  will  of  one  country  are  subjected 
to  the  policy  and  will  of  another. 

There  is  an  opinion  that  parties  in  fref"  coUntrie& 
are  useful  checks  upon  the  administration  of  the 
government,  and  serve  to  keep  alive  the  spirit  qf 
liberty,  lliis  within  certain  limits  is  probably  true, 
and  in  governments  of  a  monarchical  cast,  patriot- 
ism may  look  with  iudufgence,  if  not  with  favor,  up- 
0.1  the  spirit  of  party.  But  in  those  of  the  popular 
character,  in  governments  purely  elective,  it  is  a  spirit: 


^v: 


I '. 


ppiHr^iniiippv 


mPW^ 


269        PRI^SIDENT  WASHINGTqK'S 

not  to  he  encouraged.^ ^From  their  natural  4te- 

dency  it  ii  ccriaini  thei^  "^  always  bi^^a^f  g)i  oC 
that  spirit  f%.  «y«i|r;s;,  «ajl|it$ry  (mqiose.^  Amilhcre 
being  opmtant  d^iv^  of  excess,  the  effort  ought 
to  be^  by  force  of  public  opinion,  to  mitigate  an4 
assuage  it.  A  fire  not  to  be  quenched,  it  demands 
uniform  vigilance  to  prevent  its  bursting  into  a  flame^ 

lest  instead  of  warming  it  should  consume. 

V 
It  is  important  likewise  that  the  habits  of  thinking 

in  a  free  country  shouk!  inspire  caution,  in  those  ior 
trusted  wUh  its  administration,  to  confine  themselves 
within  their  respective  constitutional  spheres,  avoic^ 
ing  in  the  exercise  of  the  powers  of  one  department 
to  encroach  upon  another.  The  spirit  of  encroach- 
ment tends  to  consolidate  the  (K)wer8  of  all  depari* 
ments  in  one,  and  thus  to  create,  whatever  the  form 
of  government,  a  real  despotism.  A  just  estimate 
of  that  love  of  power,  and  proneness  to  abuse  it, 
which  predominates  in  tlie  human  heart,  is  »u^cient 
to  satisfy  us  of  the  truth  of  this  position.  The  necessl- 
ty  of  reciprocal  checks  in  the  exercise  of  the  poli- 
tical power ;  by  dividing  and  distributing  it  in  differ- 
ent deposi^i^es;^  and  constituting  each  the  jiardian 
of  the  public  weal  against  invasions  by  the  others, 
has  been  evinced  by  experiments  ancient  aud  mo- 


lyt^l^T 


iniiiMUi  >A  uif  iniPip^ 


FAfiEWELL  ADDRESS; 


im 


dem;  so^  ^f  them  ia  our  eoiu^jQ^  pad  Mii^mr  ot^^ 
own  e|[es..  To  pceserne  ^ic|||  |pu8t  be  as  nec^sMiy 
as  to  im^tute  Uie^.  ^  U;  ixh^  apinioa  of^  Ui^  |M(^' 
pie,  the  diatiibBtlon  or  jnodificiyiQfi  «£  Um  conatitu* 
iJQDal  powers  be  m  aay  paitteidar  ^  wrongs  let  U  be 
.eorreeted  by  aa  ^amendmettt  in; the  way 'whicb  tbe 
eonstitutioB  designates. — ^But  let  there  bti  no  ebangp 
by  usurpation ;  for  though  this,  in  one  instance,  ciay 
be  the  instrument  of  good,  it  is  the  customary  weap- 
on by  which  free  governments  are  dfistroyed.  The 
precedent  must  always  greatly  overbalance  in  per> 
manent  evil  any  partial  or  transient  benefit  wbichl'lhe 
use  can  at  any  time  yield. 

Of  all  the  dispostions  and  habita  which  lead  to 
political  prosperify,  Reli^on  and  MoraUty  are  indis- 
pensible  supports^  In  vain  woidd  that  man  claim^ 
the  tribute  of  patriotism,  who  would  labor  to  subvert 
these  great  pillars  of  human  happiness,^  these  firmest 
prop»  of  the  duties  of  men  and  citizens.  The  mere 
politidan  ei|ually  with  the  pious  man,  ought  to  res- 
pect and  cherish  them — a  volume  could,  not  trace 
all  their  connections  with  private  and  public  felicity. 
Let  it  simply  be  asked,  where  is  tlie  secority  for 
property,  for  reputation,  for  life,  if  the  sense  of  relfr 
gious  obligation  desert  the  oaths  which  are  the  in- 


m 


'      I 


«W        PRESIDENT  WASHINGTON'S 

struments  of  icTeBtigatioit  in  Courts  of  Justice  ?  and 
let  us  with  caution  indulge  the  supposition,  that  mo- 
rality can  be  maintained  without  reli^on.  Whatever 
may  be  conceded  to  the  iniTuence  of  refined  educsh 
lion  on  minds  of  pecid^ar  structure ;  reason  and  ex- 
t»erience  both  forbid  us  to  expect  that  national  mo- 
rality can  prerail  in  exclusion  of  religious  principle. 

It  is  substantially  true  tliat  virtue  or  morality  is  a 
necessary  spring  of  popular  g;0Ternment.  The  rule 
indeed  extends  with  mo^eor  less  force  to  every  spe- 
cies of  free  government.  I^o  that  is  a  sincere 
friend  to  it  can  look  with  indifference  upon  attempts 
to  shake  the  foundation  of  the  frabh!s  t 

Promote,  then^  as  au  object  of  prfmary  importance, 
institutions  for  the  general  diffusion  of  knowledge. 
In  proportion  as  the  structure  of  a  government  gives 
force  to  public  opinion,  it  is  essential  that  public 
opinion  should  be  enlightened^ 

As  a  very  important  source  of  strength  and  secw- 
fity^  cherish  public  credit.  One  method  of  presep- 
viog  it  is  to  use  it  as  sparingly  as  possible  ;  avoid- 
ing occasions  of  expense  by  cultivating  peace,  but 
remembering  also  that  timely  disbursements  ta  pre- 
pare for  danger,  frequently  prevent  much  greater  dis- 


ru 

mi 


#^. 


vrpuHiiippffHfiiipii'iN'i"-^'-  >"  mw'i 


'•''.J 


(     FAR£W£LIf  ABDHJBSQ.  t        i^ 

i>iiF8€m(i|it9>  to  repel  it  f  ftyoiding  like^p^ise-tiieflyi^oii- 
mulation  of  debt^  qot  only  -by  fihunniDg  occasions  gf 
expense,  but  by  vigprous  exestioiis  in  time  of  peaee 
to  discharge  the  tiebts  which  *iinircoidabie  wars  may 
huve  occasioned,  not  ungeatKHMily  throwing  upo^i 
posterity  the  burthen  which  we  ourselyes  ovipht  to 
bear.  The  execution  of  these  maxims  belongs  to 
your  Representatives,  but  it  i»  necessary  that  pul^- 
lie  opinion  should  co-operate.  To  facililafe  to  them 
Uie. performance  of  t^ieir  duf^i  it  is  essential  th^t 
jQU  should  praejtic|iUyl)ear  in  waffs^^  that  towards  th^ 
paypient  of  debt^  th^re  must  b^  reTemie  ',  that  \^ 
have  rerenue  there  n^t  be  ta^es  ;  that  no .  taxes 
can  be  devised  which  are  not  more  or  less  inconreii- 


lehi '  and  implefasant ;  that  the  intrinsic  embarrass* 
meiit  insi§paj>able  from  thie*  selection  of  the  proper 
bbjcfcis  (which  is  always  A  choice  of  iflfiicutti^fl} 
ought  to  ^  a  decisive  motive  for  a  candid  constrffc- 
tlon  of  the  conduct  of  the  govenmient  in  making 
it,  and  for  a  spirit  of  acquiescenee  io  the  measures 
for  obtaining  revenue,  which  the  public  exigencies 
may  at  aufy  time  di^^tate. 

Observe  good  faith  and  justice  towards  all  nations; 
cultivate  peace  and  iiannony  with  til ;  re^gion  aad 
moraHty    enjoin  this  conduct :  and  can  it  be  toi 


^  yM 


^'^ 
^ 


S7a        PRESroENT  XrASHINaTO?rS 

good  policy  does  not  equaHy  enjoin  it  T  Tt  win  he 
worthy  of  a  free,  enlightened,  and,  at  no  distant  pe* 
riod,  a  great  nation,  to  give  to  mankind  the  magna- 
nimioHS  and  too  noTei  example  of  a  people  always 
guided  by  air  exalled^tice  and  beneyolence.  Who 
can  doubt  that  in  the  course  of  time  and  thhigs,  the 
fruits  of  such  a  plan'  would  richly  repay  afiy  tempo- 
Fary  advantages  which  might  be  lost  by  a  steady 
adherance  to  it  7  Can  it  be,  that  Plx>vklenee  has  not 
connected  the  permanent  felicity  of  a  nation  with 
Tirtue  ?  The  experiment  at  least,  is  reconmiended 
hy  every  sentiment  which  ennobles  human  nature. 
AHw  !  it  is  rendered  impossible  by  their  vices.        ' 

In  Che  execution  of  such  a  phin,  nothing  its  ikire 
essential  than  that  permanent,  inveterate  antipathies 
against  particular  nations,  and  passionate  attachr 
ments  for  others,  should  be  excluded ;  and  that  in 
iilace  of  them  just  and  amicable  feelings  towards  ail 
ahonld  be  cultivated.  The  nation  which  indulges 
towards  another  habitual  liatred,  or  an  habitual  fond- 
ness, is  in  some  degree  a  slave.  It  is  a  slave  to  its 
animosity,  or  to  its  affection,  either  of  which  is  suffi- 
cient to  lead  it  astray  from  its  duty  and  its  interest. 
Antipathy  in  one  nation  against  another  disposes 
#a6h  more  readily  to  oiler  Insult  and  injury,  to'Iieiy 


.    ippp 


FABEWELL  ADDRESS. 


2JS 


bold  of  slight  causes  of  umbrage^  and  to  be  haugh- 
ty and  untractable,  when  accidental  or  trifling  occa- 
sions of  dispute  occur. — Hence  frequent  colUsionSi 
obstinate,  envenomed,  and  bloody  contests .  The  na- 
tion, prompted  by  iS-will  and  resentment,  sometimes 
impels  to  war  the  govemment  contrary  to  the  best 
calculations  of  policy.  The  goy«mment  sometimes 
participates  in  the  national  propensity,  and  adopts 
throu^  passion  what  reason  .would  reject ;  at  other 
times,  it  makes  the.  animosity  of  the  nation  subser* 
vient  to  projects  of  hostility  instigated  by  pride,  am- 
bition, and^  other  sinister  and  pernicious  motives. 
The  peace  often,  sometimes  perhaps  the  liberty  oi' 
nations,  has  been  the  victim. 

So  likewise,  a  passionate  attachment  of  one  na- 
tion for  another,  produces  a  variety  of  v«vils.  Sym- 
patby  for  the  favorite  nation,  facilitating  this  illusion 
of  an  imaginary  common  interest,  ki  ca.«c<»  where 
no  real  common  in^rest  exists,  and  infusing  into 
o^e  the  interests  of  the  other,  betrays  the  former  in- 
to a  participation  in  the  quarrels  and  wars  of  the  lat- 
ter, without  adequate  inducf>ment  or  justification. 
It  leads  also  to  concessions  to  the  favorite  nation  of 
|)rivileges  denied  to  others,  which  is  apt  doubSy  to 
injure  the  nation  making  the  concessions  ;  by  unne^ 


A^ 


cissw^^ 


M-    tnuMtitWwji^m^o^'a 


♦  •^ 


effasflrH^  pitrf'  g  wlfli  whit'  ought  to  hare  hoto  re* 
ttixM ;  aad^bj^  exciting  jealimsy^,  il^Wflf,  kndfa  Uts* 
poflitibii  t6  ^etkUate^SAtHe  (laHfei  AbiH^Vihavn  e^uit 
inMlegMafto  witlfheld:    And  it  (^¥e#  C6  ambHiottI, ' 
eMrupted,  or '  dehiiid  ^  fMsent  (wiio  d€TOt(0  ftera- 
fi^v^  1^  fl^  <fil¥tfHt«  ftiHbii)  faeimj^  lb  Ikit^  <$ 
sAorlfice  the  mtereete^ol^  tiielf  oita  o^titthrj,  wittidat 
'oAiuiD,  someiitxi^^velai  Without  juitpuIarUy  ;  gilding  • 
Mth  thr'appejqriBii^  of  a  ylrtdouB  »efl8e  of  6bl7gfi^ 
iioQ  z  3oiiiin€fii(kl>le  deference  for  publio*  opidioii, 
<it*h  laudable  «eal  for  public  good,  the  base  Hi  ftioliflh' 
eiHtiplianee  af  ambtUon,  cermptioD  or  inftiti^tibii. 

As  armuei  to  foreign  influence  m  innumerable 
wafSy  suoh-^iachments  are  particularly  alarming^o 
tha  truly  enlightened  and  independent  patriot.  How 
iMi^  opportunities  do  they  afford  to  tiffipl^r  with 
domestic  factions,  to  practise  the  arts  of  seduction, 
tcf  mislead  the  public  opinion,  to  influence  or  awe'' ' 
ihei  |Hi6lic  councils  ?  Such  an  attachment  of  a  smalT' 
or  weak,  towards  a  great  or  powerful  nntion,  dooms 
Ih9  former  to  be  the  satellite  of  the  latter. 


Against  the  insidious  wiles  of  foreign  intfoence  (I 
conjure  you  to  believe  me  fel|ow-citlzena)  the.  jaal- 
ousy  of  a  fre?  people  ought  to  be  constantly  awake  ;^- 
since  history  and  experience  t\M9«  that  foreign  in-' 


SAREWBU.  AmmmB. 


tAH 


fluenee  is  one  oC  the  inott  beneiid  lb«i  of  neptilili- 
CM  gcMreriuneiit  But  tbet  jetlom^'^  to  be  ttsdiil 
ntttt  |e  iiii{iartiai  ;  elie  it  betomos  t!i»  ui«triniifilit 
of  U^e  very  influence  to  be  avoided,  ia^Mad-O^*  ^ 
fence  ag;suQst  it.  Excesaive  partiality  for  one  foirei|^ 
nation,  and  exceisive  dislike  of  another,  eause  tkiQi|e 
jnrhom  they  actuate  to  lee  danger  only  on  one  nde, 
and  serve  to  veil  and  even  second  the.  acts  of  iiifltt- 
ence  on  the  other.  Real  patriots,  who  mt^  r«9l|t 
thf  intrigues  of  the  favorite^  are  liable  to  beaoBie 
suspected  and  odious;  while  its  tools  ^ml  dupes 
usurf^  t^e  jpidjuise  and.  confidence  of  the  people,  to 
surrender  their  interests.  f    . ; 

^Ifc  great  rule  of  eonduct  for  us,  in  regard  to 
for^gn  nations,  is,  in  extending  our  commercial  re- 
lations, to  have  with  tlietn  aa  little  political  conciex- 
ion  as  pos&tble.  So  far  as  we  have  already  formed 
engagements,  let  them  be  fnlfiled  with  perfect  good 
faith.    Here  let  us  atop.  ,'     ■ 

Europe  has  a  set  of  prunary  interests,  which  tb 
us  have  j^one,  or  a  very  remote  relation.  Hence  we 
must  he  ^aged  in  fraquent  controversies,  the  cau- 
^s.of  which  are  essentitilly  foreign  to  our  concerni. 
Hence,  therefore,  it  must  be  unwise  In  us  to  knpf!- 


# 


** 


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WASBmOTOWS 


% 


JU^  ounekes,  hf  arCsfioaal  tins,  in  the  ordteiy^  yti- 
cittitudes  of  her  ](i>o^kic8,  or  the  ordiiiary  comhiiui* 
tk)i)9  ftod  collbions  of  her  frieodshipe  or  enmities. 

Our  detached  and  distant  situation  invites  and  en- 
MeB  us  to  pursue  a  different  course.  If  we  remain 
one  people,  under  an  efllcien!  government,  the  p^ 
fiod  is  not  far  off,  when  we  may  defy  material  in- 
yttrf  from  e^cternal  annoyance  ;  when  we  may  tnk'e 
such  an  attitude  im  wHI  cause  the  neutrality^  we  may 
at  any  Ume  resolve  upon,  to  he  scrupulously  resr 
l>ectcd  ;  when  belligerent  nations,  undcfr  the  impos- 
eibillty  of  making  acijuisitions  upon  us,  will  not 
lightly  hazard  the  giving  us  provocations  ;  when  we 
iBay.f  boose  peace  or  war,  as  oar  interest,  gui<ded 
1^  jiistlce,  shall  counsel.  .^^  ^^,^ 


■  f 


Why  forego  the  advantages  of  so  peculiar  a  situ- 
ation ?  Why  quit  our  own,  to  stand  upon  foreign 
ground  ?  Why,  by  mterweaving  our  destiny  with 
that  of  any  part  of  Europe,  entangle  our  peace  and 
prosperity  in  the  toils  of  European  ambition,  riTal- 
ship,  interest,  humor,  or  caprice  ?  '^' 

It  is  our  true  policy  to  steer  clear  of  permanent 
alliances  with  any  portion  of  the  foreign  world  ;  se 
far  I  mean,  as  we  are  now  at  liberty  to  do  it;  for 


"•■.»' 


FAREWELL  ADDRESS. 


tvt 


let  me  not  be  undentoad  as  capable  of  patronizing 
infiitolitf  to  exialiag  eogagemeiita.  1  hold  the  mai»- 
im  no  lens  applicable  to  public  than  to  private  a^ 
fiyffSi  that  honesty  ia  alifays  the  best  policy.  I.  re- . 
j^t  It,,  therefore,  let  those  engagements  be  obserTed 
in  their  genuine  sense.  But,  in  my  opinion)  iib 
unnecessary,  and  would  be  unwise  to  extend  them. 

^•Taking  care  always  to  keep  oumelves, ))y  suita- 
ble establishments,  on  a  respectable  defensive  pos- 
ture ,  we  may  safely  tni^t  to  temporary  alliances  for 
efttiftdrdinapy  emergencies. 

Harmony,  liberal  intercourse  with  all  nations,  are 
recommended  by  policy,  humanity,  and  interest. 
But  even  bur  commercial  policy  should  hold  an 
equal  and  impartial  hand  ;  neither  lending  nor  gr^Bt- 
ing  exclusive  favors  or  preferences  ;  consulting  the 
H^lural  course  of  things  :  diffusing  and  diversifying 
fay  gentle  means  the  streams  of  commerce,  but  forc- 
ing nothing ;  establishing,  with  powers  so  disposed, 
IB  Older  to  give  our  trade  a  stable  course,  to  define 
the  rights  of  our  merchants,  and  to  enable  the  gov- 
ernment to  support  them,  conventional  rules  of  im 
tercourse,  the  best  that  present  circumstances  and 
mutual  opinion  will  permit,  but  temporary  and  liable 
to  be  firosu  t'me  to  time  abandoned  or  varied,  as  ex^ 


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^10        PRESrofiNT  WASHIHTGTOITS 

perieiice  and  drcumstances  shall  ^ctate  ;  constal?^ 
Ij  keeping  in  ?i«w,  that  it  is  folly  ia  one  natiott  &» 
look  for  ^interestecl  fovors  firom  anotber ;  that  it 
Enost  pay  with  a  fvortion  of  its  independence  ft>r 
whatever  it  mfff  accept  under  that  character  ;  that 
by  such  acceptance,  it  may  place  itself  in  the  Gondl- 
tiott  of  having  giren  equivalents  for  nominal  favors^ 
and  yet  of  being  reproached  with  ingratftude  for  not 
giving  more.  There  can  be  no  greater  error  than 
^  to  expect,  or  calculate,  upon  real  favors  from  na* 
tion  to  nation.  It  is  an  illusion  which  experknce 
must  cure,  which  a  just  pride  ou^t  to  discard. 

In  offering  to  you,  my  countrymen,  these  coim* 
seUi  of  an  old  and  a£EectiQuate  iriend,  I  dare  Qot 
hope  they  will  make  the  strong  and  lasting  impress 
sion  I  could  wisli,  that  they  will  controul  the  usual 
current  of  tlie  passtons,  or  prevent  our  nation  from 
runnkiK  the  (^ourse  which  baa  liitberto  marked-  the 
df  stif))^  of  natiotta : — But  if  I  may  even  flatter  myself, 
that  ihfiy  may  be  productive  of  some  partial  benelit, 
some  occasional  good — ^tliat  they  may  now  and  theb 
r«cur  to  mederate  the  fury  of  party  spirit,  to  ^vam 
agahist  the  mischiefs  of  foreign  iiitngue,  lo  guard^  ^ 
gaiaet  the  impostures  of  pretended  patriotism,  this 


^ 


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■i-<^ 


i- 


FAREWELL  ADDRESS.  281 

tiope  wni  be  a  fiill  recompence  for  the  eolicUude  for 
your  welfare,  by  which  they  have  been  dictated. 

How  far  in  the  discharge  of  my  official  duties,  I 
have  been  guided  by  the  principles  which  have  been 
delineated,  the  public  records  and  other  evidences  of 
my  conduct  must  witness  to  you,  and  to  the  world. 

iTo  myseli^  the  assurance  of  my  own  conscience  is, 
that  I  have  at  least  believed  myself  to  be  guided  by 

^ihem. 

/  In  relation  to  the  first  subsistuig  war  in  Europe, 
my  Proclajmation  of  the  22d  of  April,  1793,  is  tk;e  in- 
dex to  my  plan.  Sanctioned  by  your  approving 
tvoice,  and  :by  that  of  your  liepresentatives  in  both 
^Houses  of  Congress,  the  spirit  of  that  measure  has 
continually  governed  me ;  uninfluenced  by  any  at- 
tempts to  deter  or  divert  me  from  it. 

I  After  deliberate  examination  with  the  aid  of  the 
best  b'ghts  I  could  obtain,  I  was  well  satisfied  that 

^ur  country,  under  all  the  circumstances  of  the  casei 
had  a  right  to  take,  and  was  bound  in  duty  and  in- 
terest to  take,  a  neutral  position.    Having  taken  it, 

.1  determined,  as  far  as  should  depend  upon  me,  to 
maintain  it  with  moderation,  persererance,  and  fins- 

jiessu  m  ~   .  .,-.,. 


4^h 


'  .^^iAkitaA^.' 


«8i 


PRSmOENT  WASH1NOT0N^3 


'Fhe  considerations  whick  respect  the  rtgM  4o  hoki 
ihis  eonduet,  %  is  not  ncicessafy  on  liliis  occaeioB  i.o 
detail.  I  wiH  only  obserre,  that  according  to  my 
uoderstanding  of  ^  matter,  that  right,  so  Car  Icoot 
l»eiBg  denied  by  njeiy  of  the  l^eBigerenf  powm*^  ^ 
been  Tirtaally  admjttled  by  jSJl  f 

The  d«ty  of  bolding  a  neuti'itf  cen^tiet  may  %e  ifl- 
Cen>ed,  iia^oiit  an^^  thing  more,  from  the  obligation 
which  justice  and  humanity  impose  on  every  nation 
in  cases  in  which  it  Is  free  to  act,  to  maintain  in- 
violate the  celatiojQ^  of  pe^ce  juid  Qimity  towards  oUt^- 
or  i^aliQiis.  ^  .  .  ;     >  ^p 

'$he  Inducements  of  Interest  !for  obsenring'  that 
(Umdoct  will  tie  best  referred  to  yonr  refleetkniB  and 
experience.  WiSi  mc,  a  predotniiiBiit  motive  has 
been  to  endearor  io-^am  iin^  to  ^r  country,  iofiet- 
tt^  and  mature  its  yet  recenjt  institutions,  and  to 
piogress  without  inturruption^  io  that  degree  q( 
strength  ^d  QpBsistency,  which  ^s  necesisary  to  g^ve 
it,  humaoly  ^pealjLiog,  the  cammaiid  of  its  own  latf^ 


<«; 


Vhoa^  in«e¥iewmg  tiie  incidents  of  my  admiRr 
ia^tion,  I  am  unfii^oious  ^  uiientional  £rror;;  ^I 
aio  iie?erthe)ess  too  sensible  of  my  defects  aoi  tp 


vr- 


FAREWELL  ADDRESS. 


28S 


think  it  probable  that  I  may  have  committed  maDjr 
eirors.  Whatever  they  may  be,  I  fervently  beseech 
the  Almighty  to  avert  or  mitigate  the  evils  to  which 
they  may  tend.  I  shall  also  carry  with  me  the  hope 
that  my  coimliy  wJiliu^er  eeas^  4o  vi«w  them  with 
indulgence;  and  that  after  forty rfive  years  of  my 
life  dedicated  to  its  service,  with  an  upright  zeal, 
the  fktitte  of  incompetent  abifiGes  will  be  consigned 
lo  obHvion,  as  myself  nmst  jboqq  b^  to  tke  man- 
sions ttf  xest 

nelying  on  its  mndness  in  this  9»  in  «tber  tbifigs, 
ani  actuated  by  that  ietivftnt  love  toi(!v«MlB  it,  wHieb 
is  s«  natund  to  a  man  who  views  im  it^  tiativ«  soil 
of  himself  and  progenitors  for  several  generations  ; 
I  anticipate  wi&  pieasing  expectation  that  retreat,  in 
which  I  promise  viyself  to  realise,  without  alloy  the 
sweet  enjoyment  oT  partaking  Ij  the  midst  of  my 
i«Uow*x»tiaen9,  the  b«n|gpi  influence  of  good  laws 
under  a.  free  government — the  ever  favorite  object 

^  my  heart,  and  the  happy  leneard,  as  i  baut)  ol"  our 
mutual  cares,  labors,  and  dangers.  ^ 

GO :  WASmNGTCW, 


'■S' 


UmTjjD  Bi^ATus,  Wk  Sf^ewlber,  1X9^^, 


-.   \:'X 


I'i- 


m 


mm 


-,;  T  ■■•-fi^'^' 


,1 


DECLAEATION  OF  WAR, 

BY  Amcbiga,  Juse  18,  1812. 


.'J 

f 


'f  ■ 


in  the  selection  qffadsy  respecting  aw  present  con- 
test, itmch  liberty  has  been  taken  to  extract  and 

'■  use  the  language  of  others^  We  have  endeavored 
to  give  our  readers  the  principal  Land  awi  Naval 
Engagements,  jn  their  order  (^  dates  as  they  oc- 
curred—we  shall  commence  with  the  surrender  of 

'     Detroit,  though  no  opinion  wilt  be  offered — iht 

'    public  are  left  to  decide,  mithout  cotmnent. 


SmnEJ^BEB  OFBETBOIT. 

GENERAL  ORDERS. 

Head-Quaeters  at  Deteoit,  > 
August  16,  1812.      5 


1 1* 


XT  is  with  pain  and  anxiety  that  Brtgadier 
Oeneral  Hull,  announces  to  the  North  Western  Ar- 
my^ that  he  has  been  compelled  from  a  sense  of 
duty  to  agree  to  the  followi^t  Ailiiks  of  Capitii- 
lation. 

Camp  DcTMnT,  August  16, 1812. 
Capitidation  of  surreDdering  Fort  Detroit,  enter- 
ed  into  between  Major-General  Brock  cominAnd- 
ing  his  Britannic  Mft|f6ty's  forces  of  the  one  part, 
and  Brigadier^eneiilliull  commanding  file  North 
Western  Army  of  the  United  States,  of  the  oOiw  part. 


,  -"■.■j4^'i."l*?d" jKi*^' 


SURRENDER  OP  DETROIT. 


SS5 


con- 
and 
ored 

t  ot- 

-iht 


-  >■■• 
/* 

■■■'  h 

idier 
1  Ar- 
se of 
)itu- 

u. 

2. 
Dter- 

part, 

iTortti 

part. 


'  ^firHcle  1st.  Port  Detroit  wi'.h  alt  th«  troops, 
Regulars,  d"  well  as  Mithia,  ivill  te  immediately  sur* 
rendered  to  the'  British  forces  under  the  command 
of  Major  General  Brock,  and  will  be  considered  pri- 
soners of  war,  with  the'  exception  of  such  of  the  Mi- 
litia, of  the  Michigan  Territory,  who  have  not  join- 
ed the  army. 

Article  2d.  All  public  stores,  arms,  and  public 
documents,  including  every  thing  else  of  a  public 
nature,  will  be  immediately  given  up. 

Article  3d.  Private  persons  and  private  proper- 
ty of  every  description  will  be  respected. 

Article  4th.  His  Excellency  Brigadier  General 
Hull  hating  expressed  a  desire  that  a  Detachment 
from  the  State  of  Ohio  on  its  way  to  join  his  army, 
as  well  a^  one  sent  from  Fort  Detroit  under  the 
command  of  Col.  M^ Arthur,  should  be  induced  ia 
the  above  stipulation,  it  is  accordingly  agreed  to.-^ 
Itr  is  lK)wever  to  be  understood  th«t  such  parts  of 
the  Ohio  Militia  as  have  not  joined  the  army,  will 
be  permitted  to  return  home  on  condition  that  they 
will  Eiot  serve  during  the  war—- their  arms  however 
will  be  delivered  up  if  belonging  to  the  public. 

Ariick  S^h,  The  Garrison  will  march  out  at  the 
hour  of  12  o.'c!ock  this  day,  and  the  Britisli  forces 
w  ill  take  immediate  possession  of  the  Port. 

J.  M'DowL,  Lt.  Col.  Militia  ^.  A.  D.  C.     . 
,  l(^.  Bi  Qik&GQf  Major  A.  D.  C. 

rWiLLUM  HuiiL,  Bttg.  Gen.  Commanc&ig  the  N 
♦    W.  Army. 

JaM£S  Miller,  Lt.  Col.  5th  U.  S.  Infantry. 
S.  Brush,  CqI.  1st  Reg.  Michigan  Militia. 

Approv£»,  ' 

Isaac  Brock,  Maj.  Geih  .  ,. 


'M 


*. 


tj;  iif.. 


ai 


aae 


BURRENDER  OP  DETROIT. 


The  army  at  12  o'clock  this  daf  wHI  march  out 
of  the  east  Gate,  where  they  will  stack  their  arms, 
and  will  be  then  subject  to  the  articles  of  Capittila* 
tion. 

WM.  HULL,  Brig.  Gen. 
Commanding  N.  W.  Army. 


Memorandum  af  the  Jlmu,  Atmnunitiony  SfC.  in  De- 
•  'iroU,  August  16,  1812,  the  day  of  the  surrender  of 

that  place  to  the  BrUiah  farces  hu  Brig.  Gen.  Wm, 

Bull. 

2600  Muskets  and  accoutrementa  stacked  on  thetiv 
esplanade.  '[^ 

450  Moskets  and  accoutrements  brought  in  after 
fim  surrender,  by  Colonels  M' Arthur  and  CasSySlack- 
^  on  the  esplanade. 

7dO  Muskets  in  the  hands  of  the  Militia  of  the 
Bfichigan  territory}  brought  in  and  stacked  on  the 
esplanade. 
',  N.  B.  The  number  in  the  Arsenal  not  known. 

9  24^  pounders  mounted. 
'  27  Iron  and  brass  pieces  from  12  to  S  pounders^ 
4  or  5  of  which  not  mounted.  ^ 

2  Hov\'itaers. 

I  M'Ttar. 

480  itounds  of  t%e(k  a9ii|iipHioii  tot.  the  24- 
ponoders. 

600  Rounds  of  fined  ammunition  for  the  6bpoundir 
crs. 


—  For  the  oti-sr  ordnance  not  ascertained^ 
206  Cartridges  of  grape  shot  for  the  24  pounders. 
200  Cartridges  of  grape  shot  for  the  Opdunders. 
200  Tons  oT  cannon  ball  of  difTereot  sizes. 
The  shells  prepared  and  fixed,  not  aBC^r^ec^ 
but  the  number  was  considerably. 
60  Barrels  g^A  powcler* 


4'^ 


CAPTURE  OF  THE  GUERRIERE.      2ftT 

'    75,000  Musket  cartridges  made  up. 

2<^  Rounds  of  cartrklgee  in  possession  of  each  man.. 

150  Tons  of  lead 

25  Days  provisiolis  on  hand,  besides  100  pack 
horse  loads  of  dour,  hnd  400  bead  of  cattle,  at  Riv- 
er Raisin,  under  the  escort  of  Gapt.  Brush  and  300 
men  from  Chilicothe.  The  River  Raisin  is  36 
miles  from  Detroit.  And  under  the  same  escort 
120  bbls.  of  flour. 

2600  Men  under  arms  ih  t)etroit,  besides  the  dt- 
tachmeot  of  450  men  under  <  M'Arthur  and  Cass, 
who  had  been  sent  to  meet  Gapt.  Bnish  at  River 
Raisin,  but  for  want  of  provisions  had  returned  on 
the  15lh,  and  encamped  that  i^ight  within  6  mites  of 
Detroit, 


—  #■ 


-«* 


CAPTURE   OF  THE 


GUEKRIERE, 


BT  THE   UNITED   STATES  FRIGATE 


*  CONSTITUTION, 

COMMODORE  ISAAC  HULL,  COMMANDER. 


^ 


XN  latitude  41 ,  42,  N.  longitade  55,  S3,  W. 
Thursday,  August  19, 1812,  fresh  breeze  from  N. 
W.  and  cIou%  ;  at  2  o'clock,  P.  M,  discovered  a 
vessel  to  the  southward,  made  all  sail  In  chase ;'  at  3, 
perceived  the  chase  to  be  a  ship  on  the  starboard 
tack,  close  hauled  to  the  wind ;  haukcl  S.  S.  W. :  at 


.J,n     CAPTURE  OF  THE  GUBRJRIBRE. 


half  past  3,  made  out  the  chas»^  to  lie  a  Frfgate ;  it 
4,  CDiiiiiig  up  with  the  chase  very  fast ;  at  a  quarter 
bel'ure  5,  the  chase  laid  her  maia-iopsaii  to  the  mast; 
"took  iti  bur  lap  gallant  sails,  stey-sails,  himI  flying  jib; 
(ocik  a  second  reei  in  the  to|i!f>ail8,  iiauled  the  courses 
up ;  Beoi  the  royal  yatnis  down,  and  got  all  clear  fer 
.aistioD ;  beat  to  quarters,  on  which  the  crew  gat? e 
three  cheers :  at  5,  the  ehase  hoisted  three  English 
ensigns  ;  at  five  minutes  past  5,  tiie  enemy  com- 
menced firing ;  M  20  mmutes  pagt  6,«et  our  colours, 
tme  at  each  roast  head,  and  one  at  the  tnlzen  peak, 
^nd  began  firing  on  the  enemy,  and  continued  to  fire 
^occasionally,  he  wearing  very  often,  and  we  mi^noeu- 
Trein^to  close  witl|  him,  am!  avoid  being  raked ;  at 
6,  set  the  main  topgallant  saiJ,  the  enemy  having 
bore  up  ;  at  five  minqtes  past  6,  brought  the  enemy 
to  close  action,  standing  before  the  wind ;  at  fifteen 
minutes  past  6,  the  eneiiiy's  misen  mast  fell  over  on 
the  starboard  side  ;  at  twenty  minutes  past  6,  finding 
we  were  drawing  ahead  of  the  enemy,  luffed  short 
I  »und his  bow,  to  rake  him  -,  attwvxnty  five^ninutes 
last  6,  the  enemy  fell  on  board  of  us,  his  bowsprit 
Dul  of  our  mmen  rigging.  We  prepared  to  board, 
but  immediately  after,  his  fore  and  mainmast  went 
by  the  board,  and  it  was  deemed  unnecessay.  .  Our 
cabin  ha(I  taken  fire  from  his  guns,  but  was  soon  ex- 
tinguished without  material  icjury  ;  at  tbtrty  .^minulee 
past  6,  shot  abead  of  the  enemy,  when  tie  firing 
j^ased  on  both  sides,  he  making  i  he  signal  of  sub- 
"n^ssioh  by  firing  a  gun  to  leewai^ ;  .set  fore  and 
main-sail,  and  hauled  to  the  eastward  to  repair  dam- 
agi^s ;  all  our  brilces  and  much  of  our  stalling  and 
running  r^^ng  and  some  of„  our  spars  .being  shot 
away.  At  7,  lyore  ship,  awl  stood  uedj^c  the  lee  df 
the  prize— ^eni  our  boat  on  board,  :whicb  iteturned  til 
eigh^,'  with  Caplaui  DacveSylute  of  his  majesty'*  ship 
Gusniere^  mounting  Forty-Nine  csMrriage  guns,  ami 
n^ausiQed  witli  tiire^.  JauiMir^d  aiui  two  me»:  got  our 


m 


M 


fmmm 


CAPTTRE  Of  THE  GOTftRFERE.     283 

bonis  onf,  and  kept  them  employed  in  removing  (he 
prisoners  and  baggage  from  the  prise  to  our  own 
ship.  Sent  a  Surgeon's  mate  to  assist  in  attending 
the  wounded,  wearing  ship  occasionally  to  keep  in 
the  best  position  to  receive  the  boats.  At  twenty 
minutes  before  2,  A.  M.  the  20th,  discovered  a  sai! 
off  the  larboard  beam,  standing  to  the  south ;  saw  all 
clear  for  another  action ;  at  Sy  the  sail  stood  off  again ; 
at  day-light  was  hailed  by  the  Lieutenant  on  board 
(he  urize,  who  informed  he  had  four  feet  of  wfXer  ia 
the  iiold,  and  that  she  was  in  a  sinking  condition  ; 
all  hands  employed  in  removing  the  prisoners,  and 
repairing  our  own  damage  through  the  remainder  of 
the  day.  Friday  the  21st  commenced  with  light 
breeKes  from  the  nor  .Iiward,  and  pleasant ;  our  bouts 
and  crew  still  employed  as  before.  At  3,  P.  M* 
made  the  signal  of  recall  for  our  tioats,  (having  re- 
ceived all  the  prisoners,)  they  immediately  lett  her 
on  fire,  and  a  quarter  past  three,  she  blew  up. 

Our  loss  in  the  action  was  seven  kilted,  and  seven 
^FPOunded ;  among  the  former  was  Lieut.  Bushjofma.' 
rines,  and  among  the  latter,  Lieut.  Marriiy  severely  ;9 
find  Mr.  AybviUy  the  master,  slightly. 

On  the  part  of  the  enemy,  fifteen  men  were  killed^ 
Bnd  sixty-four  wounded.  Among  the  former,  was 
the  second  Lieut.  Ready ;  and  among  the  latter  were 
Capt.  DaereSy  and  the  first  Lieut.  Kent ;  Mr.  Scolif 
master,  and  master's  mate. 

The  CONSTrrUTlON  arrived  in  Boston  harbor^ 
August  31st,  where  she  received  a  federal  salute  from 
the  ordnance  of  the  Washington  Artillery  at  Fort- 
Hill,  and  three  times  three  huzzas  froin  the  citizens 
QB  the  wharves,  and  in  the  vessels. 
'*The  prisoners  were  removed,  and  thirty  two  of  the 
wounded  was  carried  to  the  Town's  Hospital,  at 
Rainsford's  Island. 

#  Since  fce  recoiiered  Jrom  his  wounds,  nas  been  «y»- 
pointedtocoiiHnund  ifie,  FrigeUe  Adams,  of  ^2  Qtans, 

A  a 


* 


<tf 


'^j, 


'n 


CAPTURE  OF 


THE  FROLIC. 


*Y   THE  UNITED  STATES  SLOOP  OF  WAR 


.»:. 


THE  WASP. 

.CAPTAIN  JACOB  JONES,  COMMANDER. 

J.  HE  United  States  sloop  of  war  the  Wasp, 
commanded  by  Captain  Jacob  Jones,  was  cruis- 
ing in  Ion.  t>6,  W  and  lat.  37,  N.  the  track  of  ves- 
sels passing  from  Bermuda  to  Halifax,  when  on 
Saturday  the  17th  of  October,  about  11  o'clock,  in 
a  clear  moon-light  evening,  %lie  found  herself  near 
tive  strange  sail,  steering  eastward.  As  some  of 
them  seemed  to  be  ships  of  war,  it  was  thought  bet- 
ter to  get  farther  from  them.  The  Wasp,  therefore, 
hauleil  her  wind,  and  haying  reached  a  few  miles  to 
windward,  so  as  to  escape  or  fight  as  the  occasion 
Itiight  require,  followed  the  strange  sail  through  the 
night.  At  day  break  on  Sunday  mornings  Capt. 
Jones  found  that  they  were  six  large  merchant  ships, 
iwder  convoy  of  a  sloop  of  war,  which  proved  to 
hp  the  Frolic,  Capt.  Whinyatcs,  from  Honduras  to 
England,  with  a  convoy,  strongly  armtd  and  man- 
bed,  havifig  all  forty  or  fifty  men,  aiul  two  of  them 
mounting  sixteen  guns  each.  He  determined,  hovv- 
tver,  to  attack  them,  and  as  there  was  a  heavy 
swdf  of  (he  Isea,  and  the  wetither  boisterous,  ^ot 


:'^K:;i,r. ,..■-- 


^to..^^,  ,.,. 


k%abi. 


m^ 


•"W* 


CAPTURE  OP  THE  FROUC.         20t 

down  his   topgallant  yards,  close  reefed  the   topi^ ^ 
sails,  and  prepared  for  action.      About  1 1  o'clock 
the  Frolic  Phewcd  Spanish  colors ;  and  the   Wasp 
iniinedialc;/   displayed  the   American  ensign   atut 
pendant.      At  32  minutes  past  II,  the  Wasp  came 
down  to  winctward,    on  her  larboard   side,  within 
about  sixty  yards  and  hailed.     The  enemy  hauled 
down  the  Spanish  colore    hoisted  the   British    en- 
sign and  opened  a  fire  of  cannon  and  musketry — 
this  the  Wasp  instantly  refurned  ;  and,  coming  near  ^ 
to  the  enemy,  the  action  became  close  and  without 
intermission.     In  four  or  five  minutes  the  maintop 
inast  of  the  Wasp,  was  shot  away,  and  felling  down 
with  the  maintop  sail  yard  across   the  larboard  fore 
and  foretop  sail   braces,  rendered*  her  head   yards 
unmanageable  during  the  rest  oi"  the  a.-^ion.     In  two 
or  three  minutes  more  her  gaft  and  mizentop-gallanfe 
mast  were   shot  away.     Btilf  she  continued  a  close 
and  constant  .fire.      The  sea  was  so  rough  that  the 
muzzles  of  the  Wasp's  guns  were  frequently  in  the 
.water.       The   Americans)   thcFcfore,  fired   as   the 
ship's  side  was  going'down^)  so  that  their  shot  went  , 
either  on  the  enemy's   dfeck  or  below  it,  while  the . 
TIngTfeh  -fired  a»  the-r«^st»l  roee-,  and^hUS  her  "balls 
chiefly  touched  the  rigging,  or  were  thrown  away. 
The  Wasp  now  shot  ahaad  of  the  Frolic,  raked  her 
and  then  resumed  her  position  on  her  larboard  bow. 
Her  fire  was  now  obviously  attended  with  such  sue- 
cess,  and  that  of  the  Frolic  so  slackened,  that  Capt-. 
Jones  did  not  wish*  to  board  her,  lest  the  roughness 
of  the  sea  might  endanger  both  vessels  ;  but,  in  the 
course  ^^  a  few  minutes  more-,  eveiy  brace  of  th^ 
Wasp  was  shot  avvay^  and  her  rigging  so   much 
torB  to  pieces,  tliat  he  was  afraid  that  his  masts, 
being  unsupported,  would  go  by  the  board,  and  ih^ 
Fi  oUc  be  able  to  escape.     Re  thought,  therefore,  tb0 
best  chance  of  securing  her  was  to  board,  and  de- 
cide the  coatest  at  once.     With  this  view  he  wart 


j^iii^^M^ 


m        CAPTURE  OF  THEt  I^OLIC. 

^p,  and  niDQing  down  upon  the  enemy,  the  Tea- 
sels struck  each  other ;  the  Wasp^s  side  rubbing 
along  the  Frolic's  bow,  so  that  her  jib  boom  came 
in  between  x^e  main  and  mizen  rigging  of  the  Wasp, 
direct*^  over  the  heads  of  Captain  Jones  and  the  ^ret 
lieutenant,  Mr,  Biddle,  who  were,  at  that  momen^ 
standing  together  near  the  capstan.  The  Frolic  lajr 
so  fair  for  Faking  that  they  decided  not  to  boar<^ 
until  they  had  giren  a  closing  broadside.  Whilst 
fhey  were  loading  for  this,  so  near  were  the  two^ 
Tesscis,  that  the  rammers  of  the  Wasp  were  pushed 
against  the  Frplic's  sides,  and  two  of  her  guns  went 
through  the  bow  ports  of  the  Frolic  and  swept  the 
whole  length  of  her  deck.  At  this  moment  John 
Lang,«  a  seaman  of  the  Wasp,  a  gallant  fellow,  who 
had  been  once  impressed  by  a  British  man  of  wai^" 
Jumped  on  a  gun  with  his  cutlass,  and  was  springing^ 
on  board  the  Frolic ;  Captain  Jones  wishing  to  fire 
tgtxia  before  boarding,  called  him  down  ;  but  his 
iiiipetuosity  could  not  be  restrained,  and  he  was  al* 
ready  on  the  bowsprit  of  the  Frolic  ;  when,  seeing 
tlie  ardor  and  enthusiasm  of  the  Wasp's  crew,  lieut; 
J^iddle  mounted  on  the  hammock  cloth  to  boards 
At4y*«go*l  (lie  crew  followed,  but  lieut  BiddhrS 
feet  got  entangled  in  the  rigging  of  the  enemy's 
bowaprif,  and  midshipman  Baker,  in  his  ardor  tp 
pit  on  buard,  laying  hold  of  his  coat,  he  ftell  back 
oji  the  Wa«p'i»  dedc.  He  sprang  up,  as  the  next 
.s)vell  of  tiie  sea  brought  the  Frolic  nearer,  be  got 
on  iiie  bowsprit,  where  Lnng  and  an  other  seaman 
were  already.  He  passed  them  on  the  forecastle, 
asd  was  surprised  at  seeing  not  a  singl^it^Qpn  alire 

*  Jolm  Lan^  <>  <n  ntUive  of  Nerv-Brumrvkkf  in^ 
Jffeiv-Jersfi^.      Wt  mention^  Tvilh  great  pteaswe^  the 
nmnt  of  this  brave  American  searnan,  as  a  proofs 
diut  conspicuoits  valor  is  cotfm^d  td  /to  rat^  iH  Me 
Aova/  Serviu., 


'•■A 


capture"  OP  TOE  FROLIC.        205' 


at- 


dn  the  FroHc's  deck,  except  the  seamen  at  the' 
wheel  aiid  three  officers.  The  deck  was  slippery  | 
\yith  blood,  and  strewed  witti  the  bodies  of  the  dead. 
As  he  went  forward,  the  Captain  of  the  Frolic,  with' 
two  other  officers,  who  were  standing  on  the  quarter^ 
deck,  thi'ew  down  their  swords,  and  iiiade  ah  incli-' 
qation  of  their  bodies,  denoting  that  they  had  sur- 
rendered At  this  mootent  Ihe  colors  were  still' 
ftying,  as  probably  none  of  the  seamen  of  the  Frolic' 
would  dare  to  go  into  the  rigging  for  fear  of  the'. 
Aiusketry  of  the  Wasp.  Lieut.  BIddle,  therefore,' 
jumped  into  the  rigging  himself,  and  hauled  down' 
the  British  ensign,  and  possession  was  taken  of  the 
Frolic,  in  forty  three  minutes  after  the  fii-st  fire. 
Bhe  was  in  a^  allocking  condition ;  the  birth-deck> 
particularly  was  crowded  with  the  dead,  wounded; 
And  dying ;  there  being  but  a  small  portion  of  the 
Frolic's  crew  who  had  escaped.  '  Captain  Jones  in- 
stantly sent  on  board  his  surgeon's  mats,  and  all  the. 
blankets  of  the  Frolic  were  brought  from  her  slop 
room  for  the  comfort  of  the  wounded.  To  incre;  ^a 
this  confusion,  both  the  Frolic's  masts  soon  {c\\\ 
fcovering  tile  dead  and  every  tiling  on  deck  ;  and 
«he  lay  a  complete  wreck. 

^4  It  ncwv  appeared  that  the  Frolic  mounted  sixteen 
thirty-two  pound  carronades,  four  tweh^c  pctindcrs 
on  the  main  deck,  and  two  t\velvc  pound  carro- 
nades She  was,  tlierefore,  superior  to  the  Wasp, 
\yy  exactly  four  twefve  pounders.  The  number  of 
men  on  board,  as  stated  by  ihe  officers  of  the  Frolii*, 
was  oDM^Iiyiai^lrcd  and  ten— the  ni7mber  of  sc^a^ 
men  orn^rd  the  Wasp  was  one  hundred  anf  iwo  ; 
i)Ut  ii, could  n»t  be  ascertained  whether  in  thi<^  one 
liundrjd  and  ten,  were  included  marines  anil  Qtlf- 
<veri3,T->r  the  Wa.<p  liad,  besiJts  hop  one  hyiiliMl 
tr>d   tv»';)  .iiv^c^,    OiT».!«'r9  F.r^    f^^'-'.r,^    ^.,..'.*  .. 


r 


'.i'^;^,.^^L'i:^, 


•  ]L>itJtUi^kii..^iai.M 


>'iir^^^^ 


aj^       CAPTURE  OP  THE  PROLICv 

What  is  howeyer  decisive,  ib  to  their  eompfOMfB- 
force,  is,  that  the  ofiicers  of  the  Frolic  acknowledged 
that  thef  had  as  many  men  as  they  knew  what  to 
do  with,  and  in  fact  the  Wasp  could  have  spared 
fifteen  men.  There  was  therefore  on  the  most  fa«< 
-vorabte  view,  at  least  an  equality  of  men,  and  an. 
inequality  of  fpur  guns.  The  disparity  of  loss  was 
much  greater. — ^Tbe  exact  number  of  kiUed  and 
wounded  on  board  the  Frolic  could  not  be  precteely 
determined ;  but  from  the  observations  of  our  oi&* 
eers,  and  the  declarations  of  those  of  (he  Frolic,  the 
tuimber  could  not  hare  been  less  than  about  thirty 
kifled,  including  two  officers,  and  of  the  wounded 
between  forty  ^  and  fifty  ;  the  Captain  and  second 
lieutenant  being  of  the  number.  The  Wasp  hrd 
live  men  kitled  and  five  slightly  wounded. 

AH  hands  were  now  employed  in  clearing  the 
Beck,  burying  the  dead,  and  taking  care  of  the 
'wounded,  when  Captain  Jones  sent  orders  to  lient 
Biddle  to  proceed  to  Charleston,  or  any  southern 
I^Qrt  of  the  United  States ;  and  as  there  was  a  sus- 
picious sail  to  windward,  the  Wasp  would  continue 
fcer  cruise.  The  ships  then  parted;  The  suspicious 
sail  was  now  coming  down  very  fast.  At  first  it 
was  supposed  that  she  was  one  of  the  convoy, 
who  had  all  fled  during  the  engagement,  and  the 
ship  cleared  for  action  ;  but  the  enemy,  as  she  ad** 
Vaneed,  proved  to  be  a  Seventy-Four — the  PoiatieriB^ 
Captain  Beresford.  8fae  fired  a  shot  over  the  Frolic^ 
passed  her ;  overtook  the  Wasp,  ^he  disabled 
state  of  whose  rigging  prevented  her  fr^  escap- 
ing ;  and  then  returned  to  the  Frohe,  l^ro  could, 
of  course,  midte  no  resistance.  The  Wasp  and 
frolic  were  carried  into  Bermuda. 
'  It  Is  not  the  least  pnjm  due  to  Captato  Jonefl| 
&at  hb  account  of  this  gaUaot  action  Is  perfectly 
modtst  and  unostentatious.  OK  his  own  ihare  i 
ibR  esptore^  U  ^  wmeoessivy  tp  add  mif  tl^^v 


CAPTURE  OP  THE  PROUC.       2fl^ 


< 


^Tke  courage  and  exertions  of  the  oCBcers  and 
crew,''  he  obBerves,  **  fully  answer  my  expectationa 
and  wishes.  £ieut.  Biddie's  actiye  conduct  contrir 
bnted  much  to  our  success^  by  the  exact  attentios 
paid  to  ereiy  department  during  the  engagement, 
and  the  animating  example  he  afforded  the  crew  by 
his  intrepidity.  Lieuts.  Rodgers  and  Booth,  and 
Mr.  Rapp,  showed  by  the  incessant  fire  from  their 
divisions,  that  they  were  not  to  b^  surpassed  in  re* 
solution  or  skill.  Mr.  Kni^t^  and  every  other  offi- 
cer, acted  with  a  courage  and  promptitude  highly 
honorable.  Lieut.  Cfaixton,  who  was  confined  by 
sickness,  left  his  bed  a  little  previous  to  the  en* 
gagement ;  and  though  too  weak  to  be  at  his  divi* 
sion,  remamed  upon  deck,  and  showed  by  his  comv 
posed  manner  of  noting  its  incidents,  that  we  ha<) 
lost  1^  his  illness,  the  services  of  a  brave  officfT;'' 


IS- 


\- 


% 


r" 


ftyn 


CAPTURE  OF  THIS 


.  MACEDONIAN. 


<C   \\rM     '-^      ^ 


BY  THE  UNITED   STATES  FHICATJE 


A. 


UNITED  Sl^TE  8. 

COiyiMODdRE  I:  DfifeATUR,   COMMANDER? 

I 


U.  S.  F.  XJmted  StnieSydtSm, 
October  30,  (812. 


The  Hon.  Paul  Hamilton, 
SIR, 


-■'Jw^ 


A  HAVE  the  honor  to  inform  you,  that  on  t'le 
25th  inst,  being  in  lat.  29  N.  long.  '^9  SO  W.  we 
ff  II  in  with,  and,  after  an  action  of  an  hour  and  an 
half,  captured  his  Britannic  Majesty's  ship  Macedo- 
nian, commanded  by  Capt.  John  Garden,  and 
mounlinjs;  49  carriage  guns  (the  odd  gun  shifting) 
She  is  a  frigate  of  the  largest  class,  two  years  old, 
four  months  out  of  dock,  and  reputed  one  of  the 
best  sailers  in  the  British  service.  The  enemy  be- 
fng  to  windward  had  tlie  advantage^f  engaging  us 
at  his  own  distance,  which  was  so  great,  that  for 
the  first  half  hour  we  did  not  use  our  carronadfs, 
«nd  at  no  moment  was  he  within  the  complete  eR 
feet  of  our  n^tislrr.try  or  irrf^')C — k»  ti:;$.  r?r£{m>i\a5  (-e 


(.    •••      •[ 


i^4m^ 


i  ite^^S^. 


CAPTURE  OP  THE  HIAODDONIAN.  fm^ 

9 

The  enthusiasm  of  every  officer,  seamen,  and  n»-  / 
rine  on  board  this  ship,  on  discoverinj^  the  enemy 
^^their  steady  conduct  in  battle,  and  precision  ojT 
their  fire,  could  not  be  surpassed. — ^Where  all  met 
iny  fullest  expectations,  it  would  be  unjust  in  me  to 
discriminate.  Permit  me  however,  to  recommend 
to  your  particular  notice,  my  first  Lieutenant,  Wm. 
H.  Allen.  He  has  served  with  me  upwards  of  five 
years,  and  to  his  unremitted  exertions  in  discipik)- 
ing  the  crew.  It  is  to  be  imputed  the  obvious  supe* 
riorify  of  our  gunnery  exhibited  in  the  result  of  this 
contest. 

Subjoined  is  a  list  of  the  killed  and  wounded  on 
both  sides.  Our  loss  compared  with  that  of  the 
enemy  will  appear  small.  Amongst  our  wound* 
«d,  you  will  observe  the  name  of  Lieutenant  Fnnk, 
who  died  a  few  hours  after  the  action — tie  was  an 
officer  of  great  gallantry  and  promise,  and  the  ser- 
vice has  sustained. a  severe  loss  in  bis  death. 

The  Macedonian  lost  her  mizen-mast  fore  and 
main- top- masts  and  main-yard  and  was  much  cut  in 
her  hull.  The  damage  sustained  by  this^ip  w<8 
not  such  as  to  render  her  return  into  port  necessa- 
ry, and  had  I  not  deemed  it  important  that  we 
should  see  our  prize  in,  should  have  continued  our 
cruise. 

With  the  highest  consideration  and  respect,  I  am> 
sir,  your  obedient  humble  servant. 

Signed  STEPHEN  DECATUR. 

List  of  killed  and  wounded  on  boa&d  thb  V»st 

TjKp  States. 

TlTomas  Bro'rvn,  New- York,  Seaman Henry 

lohepherd,  Philadelphia,  do. — Wm.  Murray,  Boston^ 
a  boy — Michael  O'Donnel,  New-York^  private  msr 
l^e — John  Robetis,  do,  do. — KUkd. 

«  John  Mercer  Funk,  Philadelphia,  Lieut.~^4f  John 
Ardliibsdd;  N«w-York,  citrp^enters  crew-^Chrialim 


11 


^^^r 


.■^ 


n^ 


CAPTURE  OF  THE  JAVA. 


Clark,  do.  seaifieh— George  Christopher,  do.  ordi'^ 
naiy  seaman — George  Mahar,  do.  do. — Wm.  Jame«(^ 
«Jo.  dd.-^ohn  Laton,  do.  private  marine^ — Wounded. 
Ofl  board  the  Macedonian  there  were  thirty  six 
killed,  and  sixty- eight  wounded.  Among  the. for- 
mer were  the  Boatswain,  one  Masters  Mate  and  the 
School  Master,  and  of  the  latter  were  tho  first  and 
third  Lieutenants,  one  Blaster's  Mate  and  two  Mid- 
shipmeo.      • 

*  ^ince  deadi  —^ 


W 


■    .  :       ' 

CAPTCEE  OF 

THE  3JLYA. 

BY  THE  UNITED  STJtTES  FRIGATE 


1 
a* 

A*. 


CONSTITUTION^ 

COM   WM.  BAINBRIDGE,  COMMANDER: '^ 


t.i 


^f  .v.- 


rmnodore  Bainhridge  to  me  Sdcreiaryofthe  Navff. 

J  k.  r  .    .. 


.,>* 


«IB, 


tJ.  Q.  Frigate  Constitution, 
St.  Salvador,  Jan.  3, 1813 


n:; 


-■-  HAVE  the  honor  to  inform  you,  that  on 
the  29th  ultimo,  at  2  o'clock,  P.  M  in  south  latitude 
13,  6,  and  west  longitude  3^,  about  ten  leagues  dis" 
tance  from  the  coast  of  Brazils,  I  fell  in  with  and  cap"* 
lured  his  Britannic  majesty's  Frigate  Java,  of  Forty- 
Mod  Gunsyiuid  uj^wardsof  four  hundred  meO;  conr- 


^t( 


jr. 


w 


0 


v^ 


JAPTCflE  OF  THE  JAVA.^         899 

manded  by  Captain  Lambept,  a  veiy  distinguished 
officer.  The  actioq  lasted  one  hour  and  fifty- tiv« 
minutes,  in  which  time  the  enemy  ^as  cainpletely 
dismasted,  not  having  a  spar  of  any  kin^X  left  standing, 
i^he  loss  on  board  the  Constitution,  was  nine  killed, 
and  twenty-live  wounded. 

The  enemy'  had  sixty  killed,  and  100  and  one 
wounded,  certainly,  (among  the  latter  is  Oapt.  Lam- 
bert, mortally,)  but  by  the  enclosed  letter,  written  on 
board  the  ship,  by  one  of  the  officers  of  the  Java,  and 
accidentally  found,  it  is  evident  that  the  enemy's 
wounded  must  have  been  much  greater  than  as  above 
stated,  and  who  must  have  died  of  their  wounds  pre- 
vious to  their  being  removed.  The  letter  slates 
sixty  killed,  and  one  hundred  and  seventy  wounded. 

For  further  details  of  the  action,  I  beg  leave  to  re- 
fer you  to  the  inclosed  extracts  from  my  journal. — 
The  Java  had  in  addition  to  h«r  own  Crew^  upwards 
of  one  hundred  supernumerary  officers  and  seamen, 
lo  join  the  British  ships  of  war  in  the  East-^Indies ; 
a,lso  Lieutenant  General  Hislop,  appointed  to  the  com-^ 
mand  of  Bombay.     Major  Walker,  and  Capt.  Wood, 
of  his  statf,  and  Captain  Margin II,  n:ja.isjjer  and  com- 
mander in  the  British  navy,  going  to  the  East  Indies 
to  take  command  of  a  sloop  of  war  there. 
.  Should  I  attempt  to  do  justice,  by  reprepentation, 
to  the  brave  and  good  conduct  of  all  my  officers  and  ^ 
crew,  during  Ibe  action,  I  should  fail  iu  the  atfempt ;  . 
therefore  suffice  it  to  say,  that  the  whole  of  their  con- 
duct was  such  as  to  merit  my  highest  erct  miums. 
1  beg  leave  to  recommend  the  officers,  particularly, 
to  the  notice  of  government,  as  also  the  unfortunate 
seamen  who  'vere  wounded,  and  the  families  of  those 
brave  mm  who  fel!  in  the  action. 

.  The  great  distance  from  our  own  coast,   and  the 
pcrfcct  wreck  we  mad^  the  ememj's  Ffigate,  forbid 
t  very  idea  of  attempting  to  take  her  to  the  UhitefV** 
S'tatts,  and  not  cocsideili^g*  it  prudeut  to  tj:tistjh    - 


It 

{ 


^ 


'^:Sat 


^^"*''5«^¥fTf*' 


SRT        «APTtm  OF!  TflE  JAVA. 

into  a  port  of  Bmsihi,  partieukirij  St.  Salvador,  as 
you  will  perceive  by  the  ^ncIoB^d  letters,  No.  1 .  2. 
akidS.  I  had  DO  alternative  but  Jniming  her,  which 
I  did  on  the  4l8t  ult.  after  receiving  all  the  prisoners 
and  their  baggage,  which  was  very  tedious  work, 
only  having  one  boat  left  (out  of  eight)  and*  not  one 
toft  on  board  the  Java. 

On  blowing  up  the  frigate  Java,  I  proceeded  to  th!^ 
place,  where!  have  landed  all  the  prisoners  on  their 
parole,  to  return  to  England,  and  there  remain  until 
regularly  exchanged,  and  not  serve  in  their  profes- 
sional capacities  In  any  place  or  in  any  manner 
whatever  against  the  United  States  of  America,  un(^ 
lllte  exchange  sliall  be  efifected.  ]\ 

I  have  the  honor  to  be.  Sir, 
With  the  greatest  respect, 
{Signed)  W.  BAINBRID6B. 

The  Hon.  P.  Hamilton. 


BtITIIACT  FROH  CoMMODORE  SUmBRIDOE^S  JoURNAL, 
KEPr  ON  BOARD  TB£  UiSHTJUl  StAT£S  FaiOAT£| 
CoNSTITU-riON.  --^^v^^--    ..<^^-.  .j^:;v^^--^^ 


■r.>.w.i.;^i-'f'4:^*=JJ:: 


.•l! 


«  Tuesday,  l>ec.  20;  1812. 
*"  At  9  o'clock,  A.  M.  discovered  two  stran 
sails  on  the  weather  bow.  At  10,  discovered  the 
strange  sails  to  be  ships ;  one  of  them  stood  in  for 
the  land  and  the  other  stood  off  shore,  in  a  direction 
towards  us.  At  10,  45,  m.  we  tacked  $hip  to  the 
northward  and  westward  and  stood  for  the  sail  stand- 
ing towards  us  ;  and  at  11,  tacked  to  the  southward 
and  eastward,  hauled  up  the  mainsail  and  took  in 
the  royals.  At  1 1 ,  30  m.  made  the  private  signal  for 
thfe  day,  which  was  not  answ^ed,  and  Uien  sat  tlie 
mainsail  and  royals  to  draw  the  strange  sail  oififfrom 

«^  neutral  coast  mi  Bepai|fite  her  from  lijn^  sail  in 

iKunany. 


*- 


;eAPTURE  OF  THE  JAVAr 


301 


.r,  ^^' Wednesday^  flOlh  Dec, (natiHcQl  lime J^ln  lat.  13, 
6,  S.  long.'iJB,  \V.  tea  leagues  from  the  ^oast  of  Bra- 
zil, cumiueiic^s  uiUi.  clear  weather  anU  modeiate 
bieezes  from  £.  N.  £.  hoibfcd  our  cnsigo  and  penc^ 
aBt.  At  1^  minutes  past  meridiao,  tim.  ship  hoisted 
her  colors^an  English  eneign,  having  a  signal  Hy- 
ing at  her  tpain. 

''  Ai  1, 26  m.  P.  M.  being  sufficiently  from  (he  Ian*!, 
and  finding  the  ship  to  be  an  English  Fi:igate,  took  in 
(he  mainsail  and  royals,  tacked  ship,  and  stood  1^ 
the  enemy.  At  1,  50  niin.  the  enemy  bore  down 
with  an  inteption  of  raking. us,  which  we  avoi<^ed  by 
wearing.  ^  At  2  o'clock,  the  enemy  being  within  half 
a  mile  of  us,-  and  to  windwardv.and  haying  hauled 
down  his  colors  except  the  union  jack  at  the  mi- 
zenma4  head,  induced  me  to  give  orders  to  the  ofti- 
cerbf  the  3d  division  to  fire  a  gun  ahead  of  the  enemy, 
to  make  him  show  his  colors,  wliich  being  done, 
brought  on  a  fire  from  us  of  the  whole  broadside, 
on  which  the  eneniy  hoisted  hia  colors,  and  immedi- 
ately returned  pur  fire.  A  general  action,  wjth  round 
and  grape,  then  commenced ;  the  enemy  keeping  at 
a  much  greater  distance  than  I  wished ;  but  could  not 
bring  him  to  a  closer  aclioa,  wiihout  exposing  oui^- 
^^elves  to  several  rakes.  Considerable  manoeuvres 
wera  made  by  both  vessels  to  rake  and  avoid  being 
raked.  The  following  minutes  were  taken  during 
the  action ; — 

"  At 2,.  10  minutes,, P., M.  cdmmenced  the  action 
within  good  grape  and  canister  distance,  the  enepay  to 
windward,  (hut  much  farther  than  I  wished  ) 

"  At  ^,  30  m.  our  wheel  was  shot  entirely  away. . 

**  Ai  2,  40  m.  detei mined  |o  close  with  Iheeoemyi 
motwithstanding  his  raking.     Bet  the  fore  and  uaiaiiM , 
Sail,  and  luffed  up  cbee  tp  bim.      ^  . 
,    "  At  $^^6  m.  Uie  enemy's  jib  boom,  got  foul  of  our 
mizen  rigging. 

Bb 


^ 


??yW" 


''ff^Bffv 


'r^i^mf^W'S 


.,.    * 


\'i!y 


99i 


CAPTURE  OF  THE  JAVA. 


**  At  3,  the  head  of  the  enemy's  bowsprit  and  jib- 
boom  shot  away  by  us. 

**  At  3,  6  m.  shot  away  the  enemy's  foremast  by 
the  board. 

**  At  3, 15  BL  shot  away  his  main  tomp-mast  jast 
above  the  cap. 

*VAt.  ii,  40  m.  shot  away  the  gaft  and  spanker 
boom. 

"At  3,  55  m.  shot  away  his  mizen-mast  Bearl;^ 
by  *he  board. 

"  At  4,  5  m.  having  silenced  the  fire  of  the  ene- 
my completely,  and  Ms  colors  in  main  rigging  being 
down^  supposed  he  Imd  struck,  then  hauled  down 
(he  courses  to  shoot  ahead  to  repair  our  rigging, 
which  was  extremely  cut  j  leaving  the  enemy  a 
complete  wreck ;  soon  after  discovered  that  the 
enemy's  flag  was  stili  flying.  Hove  too  to  repair 
some  of  our  damage. 

"  At  20  m.  past  4,  the  enemies  main- mast  went 
nearly  by  the  board. 

.   "  At  50  m.  past  4,  wore  ship  and  stood  for  the 
enemy. 

.  "  At  25  m.  past  5,  got  very  close  to  the  enemy 

id  a  very  effectual  raking  position,  athwart  his  bows 

''"'  and  was  at  the  very  instance  of  raki^.^  him,  when 

Ihe  most  prudently  struck  his  flag ; — for  had  h**  suf- 

;&red  the  broadside  to  have  raked  him,  his  addition- 

«   ai  loss  must  have  been  extremely  great ;  as  he  lay 

an  unmanageable  wreck  upon  the  water.      After 

the  enemy  had  strackj  wore  ship  and  reefed  the 

.topsails ;  then  hoisted  out  one  of  the  only  two  re- 

jmaifiing  lioats  we  had  left  out  of  eight,  and  sent 

Lieut  Parker,  first  of  the  Constitution,  totakepos- 

e€?8ion  of  the  enemy,  whidi  proved  i&b(d  Ills  B.1II. 

Frigate   Java,  rated  38,  but  carrying  49  gons,  and 

mapned  with  upwards  of  400  men,  obiiiailand^  t>y 

Cxapt.  Lambert,  a  very  distinguished  oHm?' who  was 

mortally '  wounded.     The  action  cOi^t^MM  from 

#coini2iencctR€Bt  to  the  end/Of  the  fire,  I  hour  and 


asaiii 


OAPTURB  OF  THB  JAVA. 


909 


vm 


65  minutes.    iTbe  ConiUtution  bad  0  killed  and  2A 
wounded.    The  enemy  had  60  killed,  and  101  cer- 
^bly  woimded,  but  by  a  letter,  written  on  board 
the  Constitution  by  one  of  the  oflScen  of  tke  JaTS, 
aad  accidentty  found,  it  to   erident  the  enemy^e 
wounded  must  hare  been  coniiderably  greater  than 
at  akioTe  stated,  and  who  must  have  died  of  their 
wounds  preTious  to  being  removed.     The  letter 
states  60  kitted  and  170  wounded.     The  Jmra  had 
her  own  complement  of  men  complete  and  upwards 
of  iOO  supernumeraries,  going  to  join  tlie  British 
^liips  of  war  in  tlie  East- Indies  ;  atoo  several  oil- 
cers,  paeeengers,  going  out  on  pfomotion.      The 
Ibrce  of  the  enemy  in  number  of  meo  at  the  coi 
iQdencemeht  of  the  action  is  no  doubt  considerat 
greater  than  we  have  been  able  to  ascertain ;  wh^ 
is  upwards  of  400  men.      The  officers  were 
tremely  cautious  In  discovering  the  number.  , 
her  quarter  liill,  she  had  one  man  more  statkttlet^ 
t^  each  gun  tttan  we  had. 

The  Constitution  was  very  mudi  cat  in  her  satfs 
and  rigging  and  many  of  her  spars  iio^ared. 

At  7  p.  M.  the  boat  returned  with  Lieut.  Chads, 
the  Ist  liieut  of  the  enemy's  Frioite,  and  Lieut. 
Cren.  Hislop,  (appointed  Qpv.  of  Bombay)  Ml^or 
Walker  and  Capt  Wood.  ^ 

l_  Captain  Lambert  was  too  dimgeronsly  w^wndea 
to  be  removed  immediately.  7%e  cutter  returned 
on  board  the  prize  for  the  prisoners,  and  brou^t 
Captain  Marshal,  master  and  commander  of  3ie 
British  Navy,  who  was  passenger  on  board,  i^so 
several  other  naval  officers.  ^ 

^.  The  Java  was  an  important  ship,  fitted  out  in  ih«*. 
completest  manner  tp  carry  Lieutenant* General  fltis- 
lop  and  staff  to  Bom^y. 

List  of  killed  and  w^^iHsded  on  board  the  United 
States  Frifste  Constit^bn,  under  tbie  command' of 
ponunom^  Wm.  BAiiibiooc,  in  il  action  with 


nppiNPppm^'^fWH^w?? 


V 


CAl'TURE  OF  THE  JAVA. 


ft.  B.  M.  Frigate  Jsva,  Hrnry  Lambert,  Esq.  com- 
iinnder,  Dertfiiih^r  89,  1312. 

Kilftd.'^onM  0 jgrahi,  seaman ;  Joseph  Adams,' 
do.  Patrick  Conner,  do.  John  Cheeves,  da.  Barney- 
Hart,  do.  Mirk  Snow,  do.  Juhn  D.  Allen,  do.  Wil- 
liam Cooper,  do.  lliomaa  Hanson,  private  marine. 

H'ounded. — William  Bainbridge,  Esq.  command- 
er, severely,  John  C.  Ay  I  win,  Lieut,  do.  CImrlcs  P. 
Waldo,  mdster'ei  mate,  do.  Peter  Woodbury,  quar-^ 
fer  master,  do.  John  Clements,  seamen,  do.  Joseph 
P.  Cheeves,  do.  i\o.  Nicholas  Vintram,  do.  allghtly  ; 
Wllliara  Long.  ^o.  dangerously  ,•  Stephen  Webb, 
do.  do.  Reaben  Laadaa,  do.  do.  Joseph  Ward  do. 
severely ;  Williftm  Weaden,  do.  Blightly ;  Enoa 
Baleman,  do.  dangerousljr ;  James  D.  Hammond, 
do  slightly  ;  Peter  VenUB,  do.  severely  j  8tepheu 
Shepherd,  do.  slightly  ;  Abijah  Eddy,  do.  do.  Phi- 
lip Cook,  do.  do.  Philip  Brimblecom,  do.  severe- 
ly ;  Samuel  Brown,  ord.  do.  do.  Daniel  Hogan,  do. 
^lo.  Tliomas  Williams,  Sd.  do.  slightly  ;  John  Voyie, 
tir).  Bevepoly ;  Anthony  River,  private  marine, 
^tightly;  John  Erwell,  do.  dO".  i 

(Signed)  Amos  A.  Evans,  Surgeon. 

R.  C.  LuDLiiW,  Purser. 

WM.  BAINBRtDaE. 


t^ 


nil  iniiiii   II  .III  I  jMiji.iii^nipan«pMiHaiBBpMPi|IIPII|PIII| 


OArnmB  or 

THE  PEACOCK, 

BY  THK   UNITED  BTATUa  SLOOP  09  WAR 

THE  HORNET. 

CAPTw  JAMES  LAWRfiHCB,  COMMANDER- 

V.  Staitt  Sloo^  of  War  Hormt,  \ 
OffSwrimm,  Feb.  25, 1813.  > 


.T  half  past  three,  P.  M.  discoTered  ft 
strange  sail  bearing  down  fot  tM— at  4,  20  ittiDUte*^ 
she  hoisted  Endifih  eolors — at  4,30  m.  beat  to  quar- 
ters and  cleared  shtfi  for  action,  and  baiileil  close  by 
th«  wind  in  order  to  §^t  the  weather  gimge  of  her — 
ftt  5,  IObl  hoisted  American  colors,  tackfod  ao4 
stood  for  the  enemy — at  5,  35  m.  in  passing  each 
other,  eachaoged  broadsides  within  pistol  shot — th« 
•neniy  then  wore  and  gave  us  their  starboard  broad- 
side— bore  up  close  on  her  starboard  ooarter,  and 
kept  up  such  a  heavy  and  well  directed  ftre,  that  iri 
less  than  15  minutes  she  made  the  signal  of  submis- 
sion, being  cut  to  pieces — in  five  minutes  after  h&r 
maitimsst  went  by  the  boardr—sent  our  first  Lieuten- 
ant on  beard returned  with  her  first  lieutenant, 

who  reported  her  to  je  his  Britannic  Majesty's  brig? 
Feaco^  mounting  19  guns  and  134  men — (hat  her 
Coffiiiuittdir,  Cspt.  Peake,  was  killed  in  the  action— 

Bb2 


m 


306        CAPTURE  OF  LITTLE  YORK. 

a  great  number  of  her  men  killed  or  wounded,  and 
that  she  was  sinking  fast — dispatched  the  boats  ini' 
mediately  to  take  out  the  wounded  and  the  rest  of 
the  prisoners,  and  brougth  both  vessels  to  anchor — 
but  notwithstanding  every  exertion  was  made  to  save 
the  crew,  she  unfortunately  sunk,  carrying  down  19 
of  her  crew,  and  3  of  my  brave  lellows. 

Lieut.  Conner,  Midshipman  Cooper,  and  the  re- 
mainder of  our  men  employed  in  getting  out  the 
prisoners,  with  difficulty  saved  themselves  by  jump- 
ing into  one  of  her  boats  stowed  on  the  bcoms — 
four  men  were  taken  from  (he  foretop  by  our  boats. 

We  had  one  man  I  'led,  and  two  slightly  wound- 
ed, I'he  enemy  bad  eight  killed,  and  twentyseve|i 
wounded. 


CAPTURE   OF 


LITTLE  YORK, 

THE  CAPITAL  OP  THE  PROV^INCE  OF 

UPPER  CANADA. 

♦ 

Cdpies  of  Letters  from  Major-General  Dearborn,  to 
the  Secretary  at  War. 


H.  QluarterSf  York^  CapUal  of  Upper  Canadaj  ) 


SIR, 


April  mh,  1813. 


WE  are  in  full  possession  of  this  place,  after  « 
fsharp  co]ii!i<>t,  in  which  we  lost  some  brnre  oiO^Oers 
uml  soldiei'S. 


■  4 


.4ni^{;ilXJ»j.jfci-Ji]*jSfyisJi 


CAPTURE  OF  LITTLE  YORK.        30T 

General  Sheaffe  commanded  Oie  British  troops, 
militia,  and  Indians,  in  per80D.^lift'l 

We  stiall  be  prepared  to  sail  for  the  next  object  of 
the  expedition  the  first  farorable  wind.  ' 

I  have  to  lament  the  loss  of  the  brare  and  active 
BrigadierGieneral  Pike. 

I  am  with  the  highest  respect,  &c. 

H.  DEARBORJf. 
The  Hon.  Gen.  John  Armstaono, 
'''^-         Secretary  of  Wary  Washington, 
>.  -        .  •  ■         ■    ■  -     » 

H.  Qtuxrters,  York,  Capital  of  Upper  Canada,  > 
h  JprillSth,  1813.      J 

SIR — After  a  detention  of  some  days  by  adyerse: 
winds,  we  arrived  at  this  place  yesterday  morning,- 
and  at  eight  o'clock  commenced  landing  the  troops, 
about  three  miles  westward  from  the  town,  and  one 
and  a  half  from  the  enemy's  works.    The  wind  was 
high   and  in  an  unfavorable  direction  for  the  boats, 
which  prevented  the  landing  of  the  troops  at  a  clear. 
Qeld,  the  scite  of  the  ancient  French  Fort  Tarcnto. 
It  prevented  also  many  of  the  armed  vessels  from^ 
taking  positions,  which  would  have  most  eflfectually 
covered  our  landing — ^but  every  thing  that  could  be 
done  was  effected. 

The  riHemen  under  Major  Forsyth  first  landed^? 
under  ahfa^v  fire  fr^m  thejudians  anil  other  troops. 
Gen.  SheriJI'b  commanded  in  person.  Jle  had  col- 
lected his  vtrk)}e  force  in  the  woods  near  the  point 
vvh^re  the  wiinl  compelled  our  troops  to  land.  Ris 
force  consisted  fif  seven  hundred  regulars  and  miii- 
Ua,  and  one  hundred  Indians.  Major  Forsyth  was 
supported  as  promjitly  as  possible  ;  but  the  contest 
was  snarp  and  severe  for  near  half  an  hour,  and  th^ 
enemy  were  rejmlsed  by  a  number  far  inferior  ta 
theirs.  As  soon  as  Gen.  Pike  landed  wltii  seven  or. 
eight  hundred  men,  and  the  remainder  of  the  troops 
were  pusMiig  fur  the  shore  the  enemy  retrcatudjlo 


4KSk 


ip 


^mmm^ 


90i       CAjnWBSSi  OF  UTIUB  YOtK. 

tbck  wbritti  Our  trbio^  mew  sow  YoroiMi  on  the 
g;round  origiiiaUy  intoiid«4  for  tkeir  landlni^,  mark- 
ed tbfoai^a  thiok  trood,  and  ftfler  Mrryieg  one 
battery  by  assiMiit,  w«re  motvSng  in  colWDBS^towardft 
Hn  mata  Vfotk ;  whe&  wMb^  shct^  rodd  of  this  a 
tremenduous  explosion  took  place  robi  a  magasine 
preriously  prepared,  afid  n^ikeh  tbrew  out  meh  im- 
mense ^oantitfee  of  stone  as  most  seriously  to  in- 
jure our  troo|ia.  I  hme  not  yet  been  able  to  col- 
lect the  returns  of  the  hilled  and  woimded ;  but  our 
loss  will  I  fear  exceed  one  hundred ;  and  among 
these  I^ave  to  lament  the  losa  of  thai  brateand 
excellent  officer,  Brig.  Gen.  Pike,  who  receiyed  a 
(Rmtiision  (Vom  a  lai^  stone,  whtdh  terminated  his 
valuable  life  within  a  few  houid.  His  Um  will  b#' 
seycrely  felt. 

Previously  to  this  explOsiOB  the  enemy  had  re^' 
tired  Into  the  town,  eicepting  a  party  or  regulars,; 
to  the  iMBiber  of  forty,  who  &d  not  escape  ttie  ef- 
ibets  of  the  shock,  and  were  destroyed. 
•  Gen.  ShealTe  moved  off  with  the  r^gshr  troops^ 
and  left  direction  with  the  eoraBiandlng  officer  ol 
the  miii<la  to  make  the  best  terms  he  cou^.    In 
the  mean  time  alt  fartber  resistance  on  the  part  of 
the  enemy  ceased,  and  the  ouMiiiea  of  a  eapitula-C 
tfon  were  agreed  on. 

As  soon  as  I  learned  tfa»t  Gen.  Pike  had  been 
wouuded,  I  went  on  shore.  To  the  Gfeneral  I  had 
been  induced  to  confide  (be  infimediate  attack,  fron» 
a  knowledge  that  it  Was  his  wish  and  that  he  would 
have  folt  mortified  bad  it  not  been  gjiven  to  bim. 

Every  movement  was  under  my  view.  ThO' 
troops  behaved  with  great  firmness  and  deserver 
much  applause,  paiiicuhirly  those  tirst  engaged,  and 
under  Circumstances  which  would  have  tried  ik% 
dteadiness  of  veteraes. 

Our  loss  in  the  morning  and  in  carrying  the  first 
battery  was  not  great,  perhaps  forty  or  fifty  JciRed 
and  wounded,  and  of  tliem  a  full  proportion  of  officers. 


CAPTURE  OP  LITTLE  YORK.        SO^ 

NotwithstandiDg  the  enemy's  advantage  in  posi- 
tion and  numbers  in  the  commencement  of  the  ac* 
tipn,  their  loss  was  greater  than  oucs,  especially  in 
officers.     It  was  with  grei^t  eitertion  tiiat  the  small 
vesseL  of  the  fleet  could  work  into  the  harbor  against 
a  gale  of  wind,  hut  as  soon  as  they  got  into  a  proper 
position,  a  tremendous  cannonade  opened  upon  the^ 
enemy's  batterh^s  and  was  kept  ^ip  against  them, 
until  they  Wf  re  carried  or  blown  up,  «n«l  bad,  no- 
doubt,  a  |)Owerfnl  effect  upon  the  enemy. 
..  Jam  under  the  greatest  obligatioBs  to  Commo^ 
dore  ChauQcey,  for  his  able  and  indefatigable  exe^ 
t|ohs  in  every  possible  manner  which  could  give  fa- 
cility and  efifect  to  the  expedition.      He  is  equally 
e&tiinable^  for  sound  judgmcQt,  bravery,  and  irdustty.' 
The  government  could  not  have  made  a  more  fot- 
tunate  selection. 

Unfortunately  the  enemy's  aimed  ship  Prince' 
Regent,  left  this  place  for  Kingston  a  few  days  b^^ 
fore  w^' arrived.  A  large  ship  on  the  stocks  anj- 
nearly  plaiiked  up,  and  much  naval  stores  were  $«!'; 
fire  to  by  the  ehemy  soon  after  the  e):p]osion  of  the 
magazine.  '  A  considerable  quantity  of  military , 
stores  aud  provi»6ns  remain,  but  no  vessels  fit  for 
use. 

^.  life  have  not  the  means  of  transporting  the  pri-* 
sdierS)  and  must  of  bourse  leave  them  on  parole. 

I  hope  we  ^hall  so  far  comple^  what  is  necessary ' 
to  be  dotfe  here,  ins  to  be  able  t6  sail  to  morrow  fop- 
Niagara,  wfritber  I  send  this  by  a  small  vessel,  witli!^ 
iH>tice  to  General  Lewis  of  our  approaeti. 

I  have  the  honor  to  be,  sir,  Uc. 

H.DEARBORN. 
The  {fan.  Gen.  John  Armstrongs 

jSecretdry  of  War^  Washington. 


P^SiPWi^iiipp 


$tik      OAfT^lBLE  OF  LITTLB  TORK. 


Extras  from  Commodore  baae  Chaimujft  L^ikf^  t» 
theSeerekuryofiheNavifire^peding&eCap^^ 
IMle  York. 

IN  censeqiience  of  the  fall  of  General  Pike,  the, 
oommand  of  the  troops  deTolved,  for  a  time^  upon 
CoLEieroey  who  soob  after  took  possession  of  the 
t^wn.  At  about  2  o'clock)  P.  M.  the  American  flag, 
was  substituted  for  the  Br itbib,  and  at  3»  our  tAK>p8> 
were  iu  quiet  possession  of  the  town..  .  As  soon  as 
General  Dearborn  learnt  the  situation  of  Gen,  Pice,/ 
he  landed  and  assumed  the  commaDd.  I  have  the 
honor  of  inclosing «  copy  of  the  GapitiiMoii  whlofr 
was  entered  into^  and  approved  by  Gen.  ]pte|uii(|ra- 
a^d  myself. 

The  enemy  set  fire  to  some  of  the  Hmncipal  stores,. 
Qontahiing  large  quantities  of  Nftral  and  Military 
atofeS)  as  well  as  a  large  ship  upon  the  stoelemearly^ 
ISMshed — the  only  vessel  fouod  here  is  the  Dake  ofi 
^ktucester,  undergoing  repairs.  The  Prince  Regent^ 
lel]t  iMf  on  the  2Mh  for  Kmgston^  W«  have  not  yel: 
Jiftd  a  returub  made  of  the  Naval  and  Afilitary  aleiee^' 
oonsequently  can  form  no  correct  idea  of  tins  quand^ 
ty^  but  have  made  arrangements  to  have  all  ti^non. 
htfpard  tliat  we  can  receive,  the  rest  Will^  be  dertroyedi 

IJuive  to  regret  the  deaith  of  Midshipmen  Thomp^^. 
SOB  and  Hatl^ld^  and  several  seamen— 4he  exact? 
number  I  do  not  know^  as  the  retairos  from  &e  difb 
ffreat  vessels  have  not  yet  been  r^eived. 

From  the  judicioas  arrangements  made  by  General^ 
Dearborn,  I  presume  that  the  public  stores  mil  be 
disp^tiid  e^  90  that  4tie  troops  will  be  ready  to  re-em^  i 
bai^  to-morrow,  and  proceed  to  exettlte-oCAeFaiC^eiieb.^ 
of  the  expiidition  the  first  fair  wind.  ^      u 

I  cannot  speak  in  too  much  praise  of  the  coolinf^ 
trepidity  of  ^  officers  and  men  gene  rally,  underm^f 


•  .    f 


/m 


CAFTimE  GP  LITTLE  TORI.       511 

Command,  and  t  feel  myself  particniarlj  indebted  tQ 
tile  officers  comniandiDg  tessels  for  their  zeal  in  se« 
oonding  all  my  views. 

1  have  the  honor  to  be, 
^      Very  respectfially,  Sir, 
'■^         l^our  most  obedient  servant, 
!  ISAAC  CHAUNCEY. 

^^  Hon.  WijLii.iAM  Jones, 
t^  Secretary  of  the  Navy^  Washington, 


f  -I 


Hefms  of  CapUukdion  entered  into  on  the  27 th  day  of 
^  ^fjrUj  1813,  fir  the  awrrendtr  of  the  town  of  York^ 
'^  in  Upper  Canada^  to  th6  Army  and  Navy  of  the 
United  SfateSf  under  the  coinnumd  of  Major-Qen, 
*  Vearbom  and  Commodore  Chmmcey : 

That  the  troops,  regular  and  militia,  at  ^s  poa^ 
and  the  naval  officers  and  seamen,  shall  be  surreiF 
dered  prisoners  of  war.  The  troops,  regular  and  mi<- 
litia,  to  ground  their  arms  immediately  on  parade^ 
and  the  Naval  officers  and  seamen  be  immi^ateiy 
surrendered. 

That  all  public  stores,  Naval  and  Military,  shall  be 
immediately  given  up  to  the  commanding  officers  of 
the  Army  aud  Navy  of  the  United  States,  and  that  all 
private  property  shall  t>e  guaranteed  to  the  citizens 
of  the  town  of  York. 

That  aH  papers  belonging  to  the  civil  officers  ahaU 
be  retained  by  (hem — that  such  surgeons  as  may  be 
procured  to  attend  the  wounded  of  the  British  regiir 
iars.and  Canackan  miHtia,  sbaU  nothe  considered  w 
prisoners  of  'war. 

That  one  Lieutenant-Colonel,  one  Majoc,  thirteen 
CaptaiDS,  nine  Lieutenants,  eleven-  EnsigNS,  one 
^llarte^nIaster,  and  one  Deputy- Adjutant  Gekieral  of 
the  mitttia,  namely. : 

Lieut.  Col.  Chewitt ;  Major  Allen ;  Captains  John 
Wiiion,  John  Button,  Peter  Robinson,  Reuben  Rich- 


312        CAPTURE  OF  LITTLE  YORK. 


jirdson,  John' Arnold,  James  Fentvick,^  James  Mus- 
lard,  Duncan  OaniierQn,  David  Thorasou,  John  Rob- 
inson, Bami^ei  Rtdoubt)  Thomas  Hamilton,  John 
Burn,.Wm.  Jarvie ;  *  ^  . 

Quarter  Master  Charles  Baynes  ; 

liicuts.  John  H.  Shuitz,  George  Mustard,  Baniet 
Vebderburch,  Robert  Stanton,  George  Hidoubt, 
Wm.  Jarvis,  Edward  M'Mahoo,  John  Wilson,  JUy 
Playter;,  it 

Ensigns  Andrew  Thonr>pso*n,  Alfred  penally,  Don- 
ald IVr Arthur,  Wm  Smith,  Andrew  Mercer,  Jameis 
'  €he\Titt,  George  Kink,  Edward  Thompson,  Cjiarles 
Denisbn,  George  Denison,  Darcey  Buulton ; 

Nineteen  Serjeants,  four  corporals,  and  two  h4in4* 
red  and  four  rank  and  tile.  i 

Of  the  Field  Traii^  Department,  W.  Dunbar.    >t 
.    Of  the  Provinchil  Navy,  Capt  F.  Govereaux.      »^ 
*     Midshipmen  John  Ridont,  and  Louis  Baupre. 

Lieut.  Green  ;  Jas.  Langsdon,  clerk  ;  one  boat* 
swain  ;  t5fteen  naval  artificers  ;  * 

Of  his  majesty's  regular  troops,  Lieut.  De  Koa- 
Ten  ;  one  Serjeant-Major  ;        » 

And  of  the  royal  artillery  ;  one  bombadier  and 
three  gunners  ;  •  *  y 

Shall  be  surrendered  as  prisoners  of  war  and  ac- 

countei  1  for  in  the  exchange  of  pHsoners   between 

the  United  States  and  Great  Britain.  f 

(Signed)  ,^ 

G.  S    MITCHELC,  tt€ol.3dA.'U: 

SAMUEL  S.  CONNER,  Maj.  and  A.  D.  C.  to 
Maj  Qen.  Dearborn. 

WfLLLAM  Kir^G,  Maj.  15th  U.  S.  Infantry, 

JESSE  D    ELLIOT,  Lieut  U.  S.  PTavy.         ^ 

W.  miEWrrr,  Lieut.  Col.  comd'«.  3d  fteg. 
York  Militia.  .«    .. 

W.  -  ALLEN/ Mftjor  3d  Reg.  York  Militia. 

G   GAURREAU,  Lieut.  M.  Dpt. 


CA'PtURB  OP  FeRT  GfEORCnS.      313 

'  After  the  battle  of  York,  the  goremmeiit  buihl- 
iogs,  barracks,  ^t.  were  destroy ed — all  the  public 
stores  which  could  not  be  brou^t  away,  shared  tlie 
same  fate — and  the  town  entirety  evacuated  on  the 
lat  of  May,  the  militia  prisoners  parulM  and  the 
troops  embarked — ^but  owmg  to  contrary  winds, 
the  fleet,  consisting  of  16  or  17  sail,  did  not  leave 
IJttle  York,  until  the  8th.  In  the  afternoon  of  that 
day,  they  arrived  at  Four  Mile  Greek,  below  Fort 
Niagara,  and  landed  the  troops  and  public  property. 

'On  Sunday  evening,  two  Schooners  under  com- 
mand of  Lieut.  Petegrue,  having  on  board  J 00  pick- 
ed men  under  Capt.  Willoughby  Morgan,  of  the 
12tfa  Regt.  SftHed  for  the  head  t)f  Lake  Ontario,  for 
the  purpose  of  seizing  a  quantity  of  public  stores. 
On  their  arrival  they  found  the  public  stores  guard* 
cd  by  about  80  regulars  ;  the  guard  retreated  before 
our  men  landed ;  the  stores  were  brought  away,  and 
thie  public  buildings  burned. — The  eiipedition  rie~ 
turned  witfaiu  a  few  days,  without  loss. 


CAf  TUEE  OF 


FORT  GEORGE, 


Cojms  of  letters  from  Major  QcnertU  Dearborn  to  th^ 

Secretary  qf  War. 
%  Fort  Ga^orge,  Upper  Canada,  > 

'.  May  27,  1813.      \ 

SIR— The  fight  troops  under  the  command  of 
Colonel  Scott  and  Major  Fosyihe,  landed  this  morn- 
ing at  9  o'clock.  Major-General  Lewis's  division 
wifh  Col.  Porter's  command  of  light  arUIIery,  sup- 
ported them.  Gen  Boyd's  brigade  landed  imme- 
meaiately  after  the  light  troops,'  and  Gens.  Winder 

Cc 


.■>■:■ 

^i 


3J4      CAPTURE  Q¥  FORT  OfiORGE. 

and  Chandler  followed  in  quick  succession.    The 
landing  was  warmly  and  obstinately  disputed  by  the 
British  forces ;  but  the  coolness  and  intrepidity  of » 
our  troops  soOn  compelled  them  to  give  ground  in  ^ 
every  direction.      Gen.  Chandler  with  the  reserve, 
(composed  of  his  brigade  and  Col.  Macomb';^  ar-  ^ 
tillery)  covered  the  whole.      Com.  Chauncey  had  » 
the  most  judicious  arrangements   for  silencing  the  ^ 
enemy's  batteries  near  the  point  of  landing.      The  ^ 
army  is  under  the  greatest  obligations   to  that  able  ■. 
naval  commander  for  his  co- operation  in  all  its  im-  , 
portant  movements,  and  especially  in  its  operationsk  i 
this  day.      Our  batteries   succeeded  in  rendering  . 
Fort  George  untena1)Ie  ;  and  when  the  enemy  had  ' 
been  beaten  from  his  positions,  and  found  it  neces- 
sary to  re-enter  it,  after  firing  a  few  guns  and  set-  ; 
ting  fire  to  the  magazines,  which  soon  exploded,  he  » 
moved  ofif  rapidly  by  different  routes.      Our  light 
troops  pursued   them  several  miles.      The  troops  : 
having  been  hnder  arms  from  1  o'clock  in  the  morn- 
ing, were  too  much  exhausted*  for  any  further  pur- 
suit.     We  are  now  in  possession  of  Port  George 
and  its  immediate  dependencies' — to-morrow  we  shall  . 
proceed  finder  on.  -   The  behaviour  of  our  troops, 
both  officers  and  men,  entitles  them  to  the  highest 
jpraise  :  and  the  difference  in  our  loss   with  tliat  of 
tiie  enemy,   when  we  consider  the  advantages  his 
positiois^  afforded  him,  is  astonishing.      We  had  17 
kilted  and  45  wounded.     The  enemy  had  90  killed.^, 
Hthi  160  wounded  of  the  regular  troops.     We  have 
tuken  160   prisoners,  exclusive  of  the  wounded. — 
Ool.  Meyers,  of  the  49th,  was  wounded  and  taken 
prisoner.     Of  ours   only  one'  commissioned  officer  ^ 
wtts  killed,  Lieut.  Hobart  of  the  light  artillery.— ^n-  -j 
closed  is  the  report  of  Major  General  Lewis. 

I  have  the  honor  to  be,  sir,  with  great,  considera- 
tioii  and  respect,  jmt  most  obedient  servant. 

H.  DEARBOIr^^. 
Hon.  Gen.  ^nnstrongy  Sccretarif  at  H^qr, 


Ira- 


CAPTURE  OP  F*ORT  6E0R0E.       ^6 

On  the  field  1  o'chck,  27th  May. 

BisAR  Sir — ^Fort  George  and  its  dependencies  are 
ours.  The  enemy,  beaten  on  all  points  has  blown 
up  his  magazines  and  retired.  It  is  impossible  at 
this  moment  to  say  any  thing  of  individaal  gallant- 
ry;  there  WBS.no  man  who  uid  not  perform  his  duty, 
in  a  manner  which  did  honor  to  himself  and  poun* 
try.  Scott*s  and  Forsyth's  commands,  supported 
by  Boyd's  and  Winder's  brigades,  sustained  the 
bnmt  of  the  action.  Our  loss  is  trifling,  perhaps  not 
more  than  10  killed,  and  twice  that  number  wound- 
ed. T'he  eneoiy  has  left  in  the  hospital  124,  and 
I  sent  seyeral  on  ^board  the  fleet. — ^We  have  also 
made  i^bout  100  prisoners  of  the  regular  forces. 

I  ain,  dear  sir,  most  respectfully,  your  obedient 
servant. 

.      '  BK)RGAN  LEWIS. 

Major  Genera!  De^r^orn, 
Com.  m  (hSkt  of  the  Northern  Arn^. 

*  jRi^^um  <^ihe  h^  9f^h^  Army  of  the  V-  Slaiea  in  |ftc 
^_  actimoftb£%7thqfMay,  1813.     :  .  ' 

[^  The  light  troops  im^  (ike  coiitmrn^  J^  Ideut,  Cok 
Seo/^Q^pt.  Roach  of  the  234  infantry,  pounded  ; 

^  lit.  Sweariogen,  do. ;  23  noo-ceiinmipsiondd  oflicers 

^luid  priTates,  killed  ;  64  djo.  WQunded-^total  S9. 
Oeh.  1>wm' JD*vtium---l8t,  or  febydV  brigade,  Ct. 

ypt.  A.  Hobart,  killed ;  rank  and  file,  l  wounded. 

^    6th  Regt.  Iitft.  Capt.  Aifowsmitb,  wounded  ;  rat^k 

;  and  file,  Skilled,  16  wounded. 

*  15th  Regt.  Inft.  Mak>r  fcngj  trounded ;  rank  and 
(^1  kfl|sd,  6  wounded. 
IStli  Eegt.  Inft.  Capt.  Stf^el,  wounded  ;  rank  and 

IHe,  8  killed  and  9  wounded. 

N.  Y.  Volunteers,  rank  and  file,  4  wounded. 

Mor  Winders'  brigade,  rank  and  file,  6  wounded: 

Bdj  orChemdier^  hngade — Kone. 

Of  ffie  wounded,  but  61  have  been  sent  to  thje 
hospital*    The  wounds  of  the  otjtiers  are  very  slight. 


'^1 


ate. 


w^- 


AN  ATTkBK  Om 


UMurn  of  Oie  loss  of  the  enemy  in  killed,  woundetf, 
and  taken^  in  the  action  of  the  H3th  May,  1 8  W. 
Killed,  108,  '  .  ,,. 

Prifoners-^Wounded,  1  Colonel,  3  subAlterns^T 

jcrjeanto  and  I A2  rank  and  file,  163.    ^fot  mounded, 

1  Capt  I  subaUern  1  surgeon,  8  teijeanti  and  102 

rank  and  filc-^13. 
Total  loss  of  the  enem  j  3SA 

Mllitta  pait)Ie4  607 


n- 


<..-. 


8»3 
Ac»'t  Adj't  General. 


—  «  — 


AH  ATTACK  ON 


.»  * 


SACKET'S  HABBOB. 


\M 


Extract  of  a  letter  from  Brigadier-Oenerai  JaeoB 
ti>^.BrQnm,  to  Hk.  Excellency  Oovcmofi  ToiUfi/dMi  dat- 
ed *^Sackot'9  Harbor^  May  20,  1843. 

5>5VE  were  attacked  at  the  dawn  of  this  day,  by 
al^Hish  re|;iilar  force,  of  at  least  niqe  hundred  men., 
most  prehahiy  1200.     They  nia4e  go^d  their  land- 

Jn$  jit  Uorse- Island.  The  eneniy's  fleet  consisted 
of  iwo  ships  and.  four  achre.  and  tbiHy  large  open 
-ItiiQat^.' ,  We  ate  completely  Ticlorioiis.  'The  enemy 
|o^t>  coDsiderahiq  number  of  kiU^d  and  wounded 
— on  the'  field,  among  the  nUinber,  several  officers 

^  oC  (^stinfttkm^^^After  haFinf^  rQ-embarke4  they  aent 
mc  a  flag,  ^lesiring  to  have  their  killed  and  wouniitetl 
aUeaded  to.  I  uuide  Uiem  satisfied  os  that  sn^^ect. 
Jinericam  iviil  bei  distinguished  ^  hu^namt^  ^anil 
himm^y,     Oor  loss  i$  not  numor6u6y  but  t^ilOus, 

.  from  the  great  ^orth  of  those  who  have  falM;^  »€^- 
V)Q^1  Mi  Its  was  shot  dead  at  the  iym^»msaamX'^ 


SACKBTS  HARBOR, 


317 


the  action  ;  and  061.  Backur,  of  the  first  regimeDt 
fight  dragoons,  nobly  felt  at  the  head  of  his  i;egi« 
ment,  as  Tictory  was  declaring,  for  as.  I  will  not 
presume*  to  praise  this  regiment ;  their  galEuit  Hon' 
daet  on  this  dleiy  merits  mach  more  than  praise. 
The  new  ship,  and  Couk  Chauncey's  prise,  the 
Duke  of  Gloucester,  is  yet  safe  in  Saciiet's  Hait>or. 
Sir  George  Provost  landed  and  comnumded  in  per- 
son. Sir  James  Yeo,  commanded  the  enemy's  tktt. 
In  haste,  yours,  &tc. 

JACOB  BROWN. 

Repwfqflhe  killed,  wounded,  and  ^nissingyin  the  ac- 
Hon  of  the  i9(h  May,  1813,  at  SackeVs  Harbw. 
Killed-^iO  privates,  regulars,  and  I  volunteer. 
Woimded^h  hi.    Col.    3nd  Lieutenants,  1   em 
sign,  7  non-commissioned  officers,  1   musician  and 
68  privates,  regulars,  and  1  musician  and  2  privates 
volunteers.  ^   ^    ,        . 

Missing-—^  noh  <bmixmsimiea  of^Cers,  7  privafca 
regulars,  1   noncommissioned  officer,  1   musician 
''4Uid  15  privates,  volunteers. 

-  Jggifegate  lose — ITO  regulars,  and  3 1  volunteers. 
Number  not  known,  but  not  to  excfad  3d  militia^ 
—Total  15a. 

WM.  6WANN, 

'V,  MajSd.Regtlnft.  anil  acting  Adj.  (»€ir. 

$dckefs  Harbor,  June  1,  18 13; 

;  N.  B.  About  400  of  the  regular  troop!  ^ustamecl 
the  heat  of  the  action  ;  these  consisted  chiefly  of  tlM^ 
Ist  reg,  light  dragoons,  some  of  tbe  dib^  21st,  and 

'a  few  of  the  23d  infaotry,  3d  and  light  artillery, 

rR^ortqftlte  entmyh  losa  in  ih£  aelum  of  the  2Qik 
^  May,  ai  SaekeVs  Hca-bar.  - 

Adjj.  Chen.  Gray,  ^1.  Moody,  Maj.  Edwanis,  1 

iJaptam  and  25  rank  and  file  found  dead  on  (he  field. 

'  4  Oapt.  and  20  rank  and  file  wuunded  in  (he  field* 

"    3  Captainjs,  1  ensign,  and  32  rank  and  file  mad^ 

^prfeoners. 

<Pc^ 


''M 


LOS»  OP  TBE  €HESAHBAKE. 


Id  Addition  to  the  abore,  inanj  were  kiHed  ami 
«ounde<l  in  their  boats  by  the  militia  and  Albanf 
Tolttnteers  while  effecting  a  Coding ;  a  number  wei^ 
lilKewise  carried  off  tbiB  field  by  the  eneiuy,  preTious 
to  tbe  eomraencement  of  his  retreat. 

\ni.  SWANN, 
Major  2d  Inft.  and  act'g.  Adj.  Gea. 
^ackcVs  Harbor,  June  1,  1813. 


CAPTURE  OF  THE  UMTED  gTATES  FRI6ATB 

CHESAPEAKE, 

^^CAW.  JAMES  LAWRENCE,  COMMANDER, 

*      ■ 

]0y  his  Britannic  Majesty's  Frigate, 

SHANNON, 

COM.  P.  B.  V.  BROKE,  COMMANDER. 

t'Qpy  of  a  lelierfrom  LieiU.  Budd^toihe  Secretary  of 
^-        the. Navyl dffied  Halifax^  Jwne  15^  1613. 

SIR,  ..  .^; 

T' 
HE  unfortunate  death  of  Captain  James  Law- 

rctrce,  and  Lieut.  Augustus  C.  LudHow,  has  rendered 
it  my  duty  to  inform  you  of  the  capture  of  the  late 
.United  States  Frigate  Chesapeake. 
i  On  Tuesday,  June  Ist,  at  a  o'clock,  A.  M.  we  un- 
moored ship ;  at  meric^nri  got  under  way  from  Pre- 
sident's Road,  with  a  Kght  wi.id  from  the  southward 
Ifcnd  westward,  and  proceeded  on  a  cruise.  A  shq;^ 
^z%  then  in  sight  in  the  ofiing,  which  had  the  appear- 
Knee  of  a  ship  of  war,  and  which,  from  inl^rmc^iap 
^ecei7ed  from  pilot  boats  and  craft,  we  belieirei  fo 
he  the  British  Frigate  Shannon..  We  mad9  iMfllii 
^base,  and  cleared  ship  for  action.    At  half  paai  iq^ 


::msB^- 


K,»8i  OF  Tm  CnSSAPKAU       «» 

F«  M,  ab«  bove  too,  with  her  head  to  tke  feoulhwanl 
and  eastward.  At  6,  took  in  the  royab  and  top- 
faUant  tails,  and  at  half  paat  6,  hauled  the  connes  up. 
About  fifteen  minutes  belofe  6,  the  action  commenc- 
ed within  pistol  shot.  The  first  broadside  did  great 
execution  on  both  sides,  damaged  our  rigging,  killed 
among  others,  Mr.  White,  the  sailing  nuister,  and 
wounded  Captain  Lawrence.  In  about  12  minutes 
after  tlie  commencement  of  the  action  we  fell  on 
board  the  pnemy,  and  immediately  after  one  of  our 
arm  chests  on  the  quarter  deck  was  blown  up  by  a 
hand  grenade  thrown  from  the  enemy's. ship.  In  a 
few  minutes  one  of  the  Captains  Aiib  came  on  the 
gun  deck  to  inform  me  that  the  boarders  w^re  called. 
I  immediately  called  the  boarders  away  and  proceed- 
ed to  the  spar  deck.  Where  I  found  that  the  enemy 
had  succeeded  jn  boarding  us  and  had  gained  posses- 
sion of  our  quarter  deck.  I  immediately  gave  orders 
to  haul  on  board  tlie  fore  tack,  for  the  purpose  of 
shooting  the  ship  clear  of  the  other,  and  then  made 
an  attempt  to  regain  the  quarter  deck,  but  was 
wounded  and  thrown  down  on  the  gun  deck.  I 
^gain  made  an  effqrt  to  collect  the  boarders,  but  in 
the  mean  time  the  enemy  had  gained  cdmptote  pos- 
session of  the  ship.  On  my  bi3i  ?g  carried  down  to 
;the  cock  pit,  I  there  found  Captain  Lawrence,  and 
Lieut.  Ludlow,  both  mortally  wounded ;- the  former 
liad  heed  carried  below  previoua  to  the  ^p's  being 
^boarded;  the  latter  was  wounded  in  attempting  to 
repel  the  boarders.  Among  those  who  fell  early  in 
-the  action,  were  Mr.  Edward  J.  Ballard.  4th  Lieutea- 
jant,  and  Lieut  James  Broome,  of  marines. 
'I  I  herein  enclose  to  you  a  return  of  tiie  killed  and 
wounded,  by  which  you  will  perceive  that  every  offi- 
cer upon  whom  the  charge  of  the  ship  would  devalre, 
waa  either  kiUed  or  wounded  previously  toheRCa|>- 
tupe.^  The  enemy  report  the  loss  of  Mr.  Watt,  their 
t^  Lieut,  'i-  the  purser;  the  eaptain's  derk,  and  SSB 


If': 


ilfS^.. 


'<'*-*mnqipp||inii      n  ii|||imnif>riTCni 


seamen  killed;  and  Captain  Broke,  a  nudsbipmaiT; 
And  56  fieamen  woun<]ed 

The  Shannon  had,  in  addilion  to  her  ''ill  comple* 
went,  an  officer  and  16  men  belonging  to  the  Belle 
Ppale,  and  »  part  of  the  «rew  belongiog  to  the  Ten- 

€|Io8. 

I  hate  the  honor  to  be,  with  Tery  great  respect,  ^c> 
,  GEORGE  BUD1>.  • 

jt!he  Hbn.  William  Jones,  . 
''      Secretary  of  the  Navf,  WaBhingtoOh. 


Liil  of  kiUed  and  rmtnded  <m  bomd  of  (He  Chesa^ 

peake. 

^  On  board  the  Chesapeake,  Mr.  Ballard  4th  Lieut. 
Mr.  Broome.  Lieut,  lutarines  ^  Mr.  White,  the  maa^ 
ter  'f  several  petty  officers,  t^d  about  70  men  wer» 
killed.  €apt.  Lawrence  (since  dead  ^)  Mr^  Ludloiv^^ 
^  let  fieuit.  do.  do ;  Mr.  JBudd,  2d  Lt.  severely ;  Mr. 
Cox,  Sd  Lt.  ^lightly ;  midshipmen  Weaver,  Abbot^ 
and  NicoUs,  seyerely,  and  Berry,  slightly  ;  Mr.  Liv* 
ermere,  (he  Chap{aio>  severefy^  f  and  near  100  seai^ 
men  woundedr  '--. 

■•'      '       '■  ,  '       ^     ^  H 

Tus  late  actfon  bretween  the  CJwtccpeake  and 

i^nnony  may  justly  be  considered  as  a  victory  on 

the  part  of  the  Americans.     While  it  was  conducted 

upon  fair  and  honorable  principles  the  advantage  was 

evidently  on  (he  side  of  the  Cliesapcake.     That  bet. 

£re  was  much  more  vivid  and  effectual  is  nroved  by. 

the  faet  of  its  having  carried  away  the  jib-ltoom  and 

Ibre  and  mizen  rayU  .aiasts  of  the  enerny,  irHilst  \L: 

does  not  appear  thai  the  Chesapeake  io^  a  aingto 

spar.     When  the  Frigates  closed,  the  Shannon  ttireit,|^ 

on  b^oard  the  Ciiesapeako  an  immense  body  of  «a»fv 

hmtihks  and  infiantmable  matter  (like  an  m^siWsMt 

MACutNe  of'new  and  horrible  CQHtii ruction)  wbt^ 

#OTe loped  the  Cb&;>t.^cak«  io  a  Toluine  of  Same  t^ 


■7fA, 


LOSS  OF  TE(fi  CHlBSAPfiAKE. 


JSKt  rery  tops !  Of  the  ^estraction  and  confusion  whieH 
must  have  ensued,  it  is  not  probable  that  any  one 
who  was  not  preMnt  can  fomi>  an  adequate  idea. 
Immediately  after  the  ei^losioo,  the  Shannon  board- 
ed; and  fit>m<tiie  d^troying  effect  of- the  cofnbusti- 
hies  had  little  else  to  do  but  to  talte  quiet  possession. 
«^ft  is  said  that  ail  stratagem  is  justifiable  in  war ; 
yet  in  cases  fikcthis,  the  maxim  win  noirappl^.  Qild 
the  Shannon  been  a  ressel  of  inferior  force,  ^t  might 
have  been  admissible :  but  as  she  was  unqnestiona- 
biy  superior,  her  conduct  has  disgraced  the  British 
flag.     When  we  reflect  that  the  Shannon  was  a  38 
fpsn  Frigate  of  the  first  class,  the  Chesapeake  only  a 
06  :  that  the  former  sent  a  challenge  to  the  latter, 
and  of  course  must  haye  been  in  perfect  pre[)ar$!^tien 
exclusive  of 'Ihe' ^  injernal  Machine  ;*  and  that  her 
commander  was  an  old.  experienced   ojficer  who* 
htd  km^  b^cn  aceustomecl  to  a  Frigate ;  we  cannot 
bt2t  took  upon'the  r^^.ort  to  *  erptosidn^ jbls  bt^^e  aiBfi. 
cowardly  in  the  extreme. — It  proves  tliat  they  felt 
themselves  inferior  to  the  Aniericans,  and  were 
afVaid  to  contend  \vith  diem  on  any  thing  like  eqykl 
terms.     H(*d  the  Shannon  conquered  thi?  Ches'ar 
peake   by   fair  fighting,  aUhough  she  is'  a  heavier 
Frigate,  and  probably  had  a  greater  number  of  men^ 
Vf4  would  ackcbwtrdge  it  to  be  a  victory.      Qut  as 
it  is,  it  iiiust  he  viewed  as  a  striking  evidence  of 
c&nscious  inferiority  on  the  part  of  the  British,  anil 
that  they  dare  not  engage  upon  equal,  nUanly,  and, 
honorable  terms.— The  British  of  icers  feel  that  their 
nftval  energies  are  rapidly  on  the  decfihe,  and  they 
resort  to  dishonorable  means  to  preserve  the  ap^. 
pearanse  of  ^rmer  superiority. 

We  will  venture  to  assert  that  there  i?  no  insta]|pr 
iA  tamSL  ^ihronicles  of  so  great  slaughter  in  so  .^pi^!, 
a  period  ;  thou^  Captain  Lawrence's  action  f^^.^ 
thfi  Peitcockj  was  attended wlHn  more  deci'-d  en^ 
C«i«*. 


'w 


*• 


'^y 


,  ^,1  ,.,*  ^^, 


• 


^t.^%A, 


CAFTOBE  or  TUB 

BRITISH  FLEET, 

$Hi  Lidte  £ne,  coGBisdng  of  Six  Sliips  of  War. 

Bt  TH«  UnrrjlCD  STATBfi'VBflBELS,  UM»Ba  THE  Coil- 
MANO  OF  CuMMUDORi: 

OLIVliaH.PEEfiY. 

Cc^Y  oi  a  letter  frofii'^Commodore  F^aar^  w  ti^ 
Sabretary  ofthe  Nary. 

U,S.bpig  NU^a;qjgr  Uie  W^^m  Si^eryHead  of 
Lake  Erie,  ^L  lO,},Sn,AJ'.  M 

felR— fT  has  piease^  .the  Aj^iighty  to^giTe'k.  %/ 
Amis  f/f  the  Uoited  States  a  signal  Victoij  ori. 
their  enemies  on  this  .Lake.     The  British  Squadrqn 
consisthg  o^two  ships,  two  l>rig8,  one  schooner  aiid 
one  slooP)  have  this   moment  surreudered  to  tiie 
ffxee  under  my  command)  aft<)r  •}  sharp  conjQict 
I  have  the  honor  to  be, 
Sir,  very  respectftilly. 
Your  obedient  seryant, 

O.  H.  PERRY. 
The  Hon.  William  Jones, 

Sectetary  of  the  Navy,  Wmhington, . 

€opy  of  a  letter  from  Commodore  PcaaT^  to  the 
Becretary  of  the  Navy. 

U,  S,  Schooner  Ariel^  Put-in-Bay^  > 

SepL  13,  1»13.  y 

— Iw  my  last,  I  informed  you  that  we  had  cap* 

the  enemy's  fleet  on  this  lake.    "   have  now 

honor  to  give  you  the  mest  importi.nt  pariicn- 

liira  of  the  miction.    On  the  morning  of  the  1 0th  iusrt. 

at  sun  risoi  they  were  discovered  from  Put-iu-Bsy, 


•  ifU  uU(^dK«L2d^4^ni^Hh^&'fil 


'''t.~jAJt^ 


J 


PEKRY^S  NAVAL  VrCTORY.         5«3 

when  I  lay  at  anchor  with  the  scfuadrork  under  my 
command.  We  got  under  weigh,  the  wind  hght 
at  S  W.  and  stood  forjthem.  At  10,  A.  M.  the  wind 
hauled  to  S.  E.  and  brought  us  to  windward :  form- 
ed the  line  and  bore  up.  At  15  minutes  before 
twelve,  the  enemy  conuneaced  firing ;  at  5  minutes 
before  twelve  the  action  commeiaced  on  our  part. 
Finding  their  fire  very  destructive,  owing  to.  their 
long  guns,  and  its  being  mc  *)tly  directed  at  the  Law- 
rence, I  made  sail,  and  directed  the  other  vessels  to 
follow  for  the  purpose  of  closing  with  the  enemy. 
E^ery  brace  and  bowline  being  soon  shot  away  she 
became  iinmac;:geable,  notwithstanding  the  great 
exertions  of  the  sailing  master.  In  this  situation  she 
sustained  the  action  upwards  of  two  hours  within 
canister  distance,  until  every  gun  was  rendered  use< 
less,  and  the  greater  part  of  her  crew  eiUier  killed  or 
wounded.  Finding  she  could  no  longer  annoy  the 
enemy,  I  left  her  in  charge  of  Lieut.  Yamnll,  who, 
I  was  convinced  from  the  bravery  already  displaced 
by  him,  would  do  what  would  comport  with  the 
honor  of  the  flag  At  half  past  two,  thf  wind  sp-Jng- 
ing  up,  Captain  Elliott  was  enabled  to  being  his  ves- 
sel, the  Niagara,  gallantly  into  close  action  ;  I  imme- 
diately went  on  board  of  her,  when  he  anticipated 
my  wish  by  volunteering  to  bring  the  schooners 
which  had  been  kept  astern  by  the  lightness  of  the 
wind)  into  close  action.  It  was  with  unsjieakable 
^mn  that  I  saw,  soon  after  I  got  on  board  the  Niai^ara, 
^isw  ^£%  of  the  Lawrence  come  down,  although  1  was 
'^3^  '^^'t^y  sensible  tb^t&he  had  been  defended  to  the 
ki'  ^  ..if  that  to  have  continued  to  make  a  show  of 
resis^«i  ^e  would  have  been  a  wanton  sacrifice  of  the 
remains  of  her  brave  crew.  But  the  enemy  was  net 
able  to  id\'^  possession  of  her,  and  circumstances 
soon  permiUed  her  tlag  again  to  be  hoisted.  At  45 
minutes  past  two  the  signal  was  made  for  "  cloao 
action."  The  Niagara  being  very  little  injured,  X 
fctermined  to  pass  through  the  enemy's  line,  bore 


:.£££ 


38f4         PfiRRrS  NAVAL  VWTmCT. 


up  and  passed  ahe&d  of  their  two  ^ps  and  a  brig, 
giving  a  raking  fire  to  them  from  the  starboard  guns, 
aAd  to  a  large  schr.  and  sloop,  from  the  larboard 
side  at  half  pistol  shot  distance.  The  smaller  ves- 
sels at  this  time  having  got  within  grape  and  canister 
distance,  under  the  direction  of  Capt.  Elliott,  and 
keeping  up  a  well  directed  fire,  the  two  ships,  a  brig, 
and  a  schr.  ^arcendered,  a  schr.  and  a  sloop  making  a 
f^ain  attempt  to  escape. 

'Those  officers  and  men  who  were  immediately 
under  my  observation  evinced  the  greatest  gallant* 
ry,  and  i  have  no  doubt  that  all  others  conducted 
themselves  as  became  American  Officers  and  Sea- 
men. Lieut.  Yarnall,  first  of  the  Lawrence,  although 
several  ti^iaes  wounded,  refused  to  quit  the  deck. 
Midshipn.  r  'P'  ^rrest  (doing  duty  as  Lt.)  auds«iling 
master  Ta>  were  of  great  assistance  to  me.  I 
have  great  pam  in  stating  to  you  the  death  ot  Lieut. 
Brook  of  the  marines,  and  Midshipman  Laub,  both 
^t>f  the  Lawrence,  and  Midshipman  lohn  Clarke,  of 
"the  Scorpion  :  they  were  valuable  and  promi»ng 
officers.  Mr.  Hainbleton,  purser,  who  volunteered 
iijs  services  on  deck,  was  severely  wounded  late  in 
the  action.  Midshipman  Claxton  and  Swartwout  of 
the  Lawrence,  were  severely  wounded.  On  board 
of  the  Niagara,  Lt.  Smith  and  Edwards,  and  Mid* 
shtpman  Webster  (doing  duty  as  sailing  master) 
behaved  in  a  very  handsome  manner.  €apt.  Bre- 
voort  of  the  army,  who  acted  as  a  volunteer  in  the 
capacity  of  a  marine  officer,  on  board  that  vessel., 
is  an  excellent  and  brave  officer,  and  with  his  mus- 
Uetry  did  great  execution.  Lt.  Turner,  command- 
ing the  Cah  donia,  brought  that  vessel  into  action 
in  the  most  able  manner,  and  is  an  officer  that  in  all 
fiittiatiaQS  may  be  relied  on  The  Ariel,  Lt.  Packet, 
ftnd  Scorpion,  saUiiig  master  Chan»ptiir,  were  CBa- 
bled  to  get  early  into  action,  and  were  of  great 
service  Capt.  Elliott  speaks  in  the  highest  terms 
of  Mr.  Magmth,  purser,  who  had  been  dispalcbed 


■iT. 


m 


■i^,.^^Jt.jM.:^iiL.  t.X-u:. 


1#IR#S  I^AVAL  VlO^bftV.         ^ 


5ii  V  bdirf  (Wl'^^ice  previous  to  my  getting'  od 
tioard  the  Niagara  ;  and,  being  a  seaman,  since  the 
aetioD  has  rendered  essential'  service  in  taltidg 
'•charge  of  one  of  the  prizes.  Of  Capt.^fliottj  a^- 
"ready  bo  weM  known  to  the  government,"  it  would 
be  almost  superfluous  to  sp^ab.  tn  this  acfibn  he 
'#^iic  '  his  characteristic  bravery  and  ju%mentf 
'and,  binC0  the  dose  of  the  actiori,  has  giv^  me  Ihd 
most  able  and  essential  assistance.  ^^ 

■  I  have  the  honor  to  enciose  you  a  return  of  the 
liiltecf  and  wounded,  together  tvith  a  htaiemM  ofthc 
relative  fohse  of  the  squadrons.  The*  Capt.  and 
first  Lfeut.  o^  the  Queen  C^Hotte,  Itod  flr&t  Lieuf. 
V)f  the  Detroit  ^ere  killed— Capt.  Biii-clay,  senioir 
officer,  and'  the  commander  of  tfte  'Lady  Prey^ost, 
■^eterely  wounded .  The  K^mmiindW  of  the  l^^uriter 
and  €hippeway  slightly  wbulSded;  'their  loss  in 
kilted  and  wounded,  I  have  not  fei  been  at>Ie  to  as- 
j^;ertain,  it  must  however  been  v«y  great. 

Very  respectfully,  I  have  the  honor  to  be,  siiii 
^our  obedient  servant.  Q,  ]H.  PERRXj, 

The  Hon.  William  Jones,  See^i^iiisr  oftijer" 


Perry. 


Iriely  Put-in-Bat/j  > 
er  13fA,  1813.      ( 


*'  Extract  of  a  Letter  from'I^Jfttomoi 
U.  S.  St^ooner^''  '  ' 

SIR— r  liave  .cause^  ^||^risuners  tajk^ b  ob  th^ 
^0  instant,  to  be  landed  at  Randusky,  and  have  re- 
quested Gen..  Harrison  to  have  the  mi  marched  to 
Chillicothe,  and  there  t^ait  until  you^  pleasure  $h^U 
bf  known  respecting  them - 

1^  The  Law|-ence  haf  been  ii^  entirely  cut  np^ltis 
absolutely  necessaiy  sfafBltliOuld  go  into  ^  safe  har- 
bor,  £  have  therefore  nirecfed  Lieut,  Yamall  to  pro- 
(geed  tQ  Eriejn  her,  with  the  wounded, of  the  jfeet, 
aiid.  dismaritle  and  get  her  Qi^er  l^e  bar,  as  soon -at 
possible. 

Tbe  two  ships  in  A  heavy  sea  this  day  fjt  anchfli* 
lost   tlieir  masts,  being   much  injured  ia  the  acr 


If 


In 


ft 


p 


ik>ii.  I  shall  haul  ttiem  into  the  Miner  baf  at  this 
||ta«e  and  mo&ir  them  for  the  present.  The  Detroit 
is  A  «erae  kabte  line  ship,  sails  well,  and  is  very 
strongly  jbtiilt| .  The  Queen  Charlotte  i&a  much 
«apei^Qr  resmm  to  what  has  been  represented.  The 
lAdy  i*ce¥<Mt  is  a  large  fine  schooner. 

I  also  beg  jour  instructions  respecting  the  wound 
«d.  1  am  satisfied,  sir^  that  whatever  steps  I  migiit 
takCf  goyerned  by  humanity,  would  meet  your  ai)- 
|)robation.  Under  ibis  impression',  I  have  taken 
upon  myself. to  promise  C$pt.  Barclay,  who  is  very 
dangerously  wounded,  that  he  shall  be  landed  as 
near  Lake  -Qatario  as  possible,  and  I  had  no  doubt 
^ou  would  9$^yf.  me  io  parole  him.  He  is  under 
the  impression  ikat  »otbing  but  leaving  this  part  of 
ihe  country  wift  ^9me  his  life.  There  is  also  a 
jrumbqr  of  CiBWw|j»fW  among  the  prisoners,  many 
wIh)  have  familkss. 

I  have  the  hoa^  4^  be,  air,  very  respectfully, 
your  obedient  servant, 

j^"  !>3g*'^  «  ^'  H.  PERRY. 

TOe  Hoh.^lTj^*  M»ii?%  Becrctary  of  the  Navy. 


United  States  Squadron* 
gons 
do. 

4^^.  (1  burst  early  inaction.) 


'  54  goids— 2  swivels.       i 

,  The  exact  mMier  of  the  enemy's  force  nai^  ijot 
been  ascertained,  but  Ihave  good  reason  to  beKeve 
tlmt  it  ^K«|*ded  euts  by  nearer  oae  fciiiidred  iaciii 


StaUment  of  Vie, 
Brig  Lawrence 
Niagara 
Cal^onia 
3chr.  Arid. 
.,>«Scorpion 

stoop  Trippe 
Bcbr.  Tigress 


^. 


.l^-*^ 


PERRIT'S  NAVAL  VIOTOW.        *2t 

TasI  of  ihe  icUkd  find  wounded  on  board  the  U,  % 

Squadront  under  the  eomtnand  of  O.  H.  Perr^, 

'    Esq.  in  ike  action  of  the  lOth  Sept.  1813,  rt^. 

Kilkd.  Wounded.^ 

On  board  the  Lawrencei             22  6t 

.   On  board  the  Niagara,                    Z  ^5 

''    On  board  the  Calcftoiiia^       ^    "^6^  3 

On  board  the  Somers^                    6>  2 

On  board  tiie  Ariel,                        f  S 

On  boai^  the  Trtppe,                    «r  IK 

"    On  board  the  Porcopine,.               ^  ft' 

On  board  the  Scorpioiv                  2  0 

Onboard  the  Tigi^                    9  0 


27  96 

Total,  1^ 
e.  SHAMBLETON,  Purser; 
O.  H.  PERRY, 
Captain,  and  Senior  Officer. 


t. 


Statefher^oftheforceofthe  British  Squadron. 
6hip  Detroit  19  guns — 1  on  a  pivot  and  Z 

howitzers. 
Queen  Cbarlottie  ITclb'.  »  do. 

Schr. Lady  Prevost      ladOk  I  do»^ 

.Brig.  Hunter  It)  do.. 

Sloop  Little  Belt  Sito.      »     ''  /, 

Schr.  Chippeway  I  do.  and'  2  switefe. 

66  guns-— 4  howitzers— -2  swivels.— Total,  72. 
^ote-r-The  Detroit  is  ft  new  ship,  very  stron^fy 
built,  and  monnts  long^^  is's  and  l^'s. 

V.  S,  B.  Ntagarayoffthe  Western  Sfttf<^,  head  of  \ 

Lake  Erk,  Sept.  10,  IS\3:    5 

WE  have  met  the  enemy  and  fl^ey,  fire  durst 
Two  Ships,  tWo.Brigs,  one  Schooner^  and  one.  SJTodp. 
Yours,  With  great  iresjfiect,  &lc.        0  H.  PERfe 
^ajor-Gemrm  Harrison.  _^. 


aaa>       -flARRisoN'S  victory. 


^;. 


*  September  nihym^r\. 

0£AR  Sm»  ^     . 

W'e  kiRTe  a  great  Bumber  of  prisoners,  which  I  wish 
to  hmd :  Will  you  be  so  good  as  to  order  a  guard  to 
receivre;  ami  inform  me  the  place?  considerable 
numbers  hiive  been  killed  and.  wounded  on  both 
sides.  From  the  best  information,  we  have  more 
prisoners  than,  we  have  nien  on  board  our  Tessela.  ; 
,  In  gre%t  haste,  yonr's*  very  truly. 

'  )  .-".;::      €/..  H.  P£RRz  * 

General  Harrison.        « 


r-2X.- 


W 
W 
m 


9?' 


IMterfiom  Cpm.  Perry  to  ilU  Secretary  ^ihe  Nqvj;, 
U.  S.  Schooner  Ahucl,  off  Portaaje  River,  ) 
..  September  20)  1813.  J 

JBlR — Shice  t  I«st  did  myself  the  honor  of  writing 
you^  the  vessels  under  my  command  have  been  em- 
ployed in  moving  the  army  from  the  camps  at  Port- 
age river  and  Fi^rt  Meigs  to  Put  in  Bay.  A  consid- 
erable body  of  troops  have  already  arrived  at  that 
place. 

;  Vi&ry  respectfully,  I  have  the  honor  to  bc^  &.c. 

!?  OH"  PERRT. 

Captuiub  ti»  THE  British  and  Inoiai^  fosces 

..  <i;.«j,    -  »  juER  THE  COMMAND  OF 

MAJfOR  GENERAL  PROCTOU; 

By^HB  trir{TED  States  Taoops,  and  Kentuckt 
^r  Volunteers,  Commanded  by  .        _*. 

wajob-general  HAfiial&oK. 


•;V*? 


■^'''■Maj.  Gen.  Harrison^  to  the  Secretary  at  War. 

•     '     HeiOl  Quarters,  Detroit,  October  9, 1813. 
SIR— In  my  letter  from  Sandwich  of  &e  aoth  ulf^.  , 
I  did  myself  the  honor  to  inform  you/ thai  lV?«prir^^^ 
paring  to  pursue  the  enemy  the  following  day.  TFi-anaT  ' 
various  causes  ho\reverj  I  was  imabfe  to  put  (he  troo||s 


HARRISON'S  VICTORT. 


in  motioii  until  th6  moming  of  the  &d.  inst.  and  then  to 
take  with  me  only  about  140  of  the  regular  troops'i 
JoHoflon*s  mounted  Regiment,  and  sueh  of  Gk>y.  Shel-^ 
by's  i^olimteers  as  were  fit  for  a  rapid  march,  the  wholl 
amounting  to  about  9500  men.  To  GlenlM* Arthur, 
with  iibout  700  efiectives,  the  protecting  of  this  place 
and  the  sick  were  committed.  Oen.  Cass's  brigade 
and  the  corps  of  Lieut.  Col.  Ball,  wet^  left  at  Sandwich, 
with  orders  to  follow  me  as  soon  as  the  men  received 
their  knapsacks,  and  bhinkets,  which  had  been  left  on 
an  island  in  Lake  Erie. 

The  unavoidable  dela;f  at  Sandwich  was  attended 
with  no  disadvantage  to  us.  Gen.  Proctor  had  posted 
himself  at  Dalson^s,  on  the  right  bahk  bf  the  l^ames, 
(or  Trench)  56  miles  from  tiiis  place^  where,  I  was  in* 
tbrmed,  he  intended  to  fortify^and  wait  to  receive  me. 
He  must  have  believed^  however,  that  I  had  no  ^posi- 
tion to  follow  him,  or  that  he  had  secured  my  continu- 
ance here,  by  the  reports  that  were  circulated,  that  the 
Indians  would  attack  and  destroy  this  place,  upon  th^ 
advance  of  the  army-^as  be  neglected  to  commence 
the  breaking  np  the  bridgea,uhfil  the  night  of  t&e  2d  inst. 
On  that  night  our  army  reached  the  river,  which  is  25 
miles  from  Sandwich,  and  is  one  of  four  streams  cross- 
ing our  route,  over  all  of  which  are  bridges,  and  being 
deep  and  muddy,  are  unfordable  for  a  considerable  dis- 
tance into  the  countrjr.  The  bridge  here  was  found 
entire,  and  in  tt^  morning  I  proceeded  with  Johnson's 
regiment  to  save  if  possibte  the  others.  At  the  second 
bridge,  <yver  a  branch  of  the  river  Thames,  v  ^  were 
VoHunate  enonglFr  to  capture  a  Heut.  of  dragoons  and  1 1 
privi^le^,  who Imd  been  sent  by  Gen.  PrectOr  to  destroys 
them.  From  thie  prisoners  I  learned  that  the  third  bridge 
was  broken  irp,  and  that  the  enemy  had  no  certam  in- 
ft>rni8iioD  of  our  advance.  The  bridge  having  been  :ni- 
Ij^fectly  destroyed,  was  soon  repaired,  and  tlwft  army 
encamped  at  Drake's  farm,  4  miles  below  Dalson's. 
«  T^eTlwimes,  along  the  banks  of  which  our  route  lay, 
is  a  Sue  deep  stream,  navigable  for  vessels  of  consider- 

Dd2 


am 


HARRISON'S  ViCTaRT 


a)Ue<  burthen,  after  the  paeeaga  of  the  bar  at  its  mouth 
ovef  which  there  is  six  and  a  half  feet  water. 

The  baggage  of  the  army  waa  brought  front  Detroit 
io  boats,  protected  by  S  Oun  Boats,  which  Com.  Perry- 
had  fiirnuihed  for  the  purpose,  as  well  as  to  Go?er  the 
passage  of  the  army  over  the  Thames  itself,  or  the 
moiith  of  its  tributary  streams;  the  banks  being  low 
and  Uie  country  generally  open,  (Prairies)  as  high  as 
Dalson'g,  these  vessels  were  weH  caleulated  for  that 
purpose.  Above  Dalson's,  however,  the  character  of 
^e  river  and  adjacent  country  is  considerably  changed.; 
The  former,  though  still  deep,  is  very  narrow  and  ita 
hanks  high  and  woody.  The  Commodore  and  myself,, 
therefore,  agreed  upon  the  propriety  of  leaving  the  boata 
under  a  guard  of  1 50  infantry,  and  I  determined  to  trust 
to  fortune  and  the  bravery  of  my  troops  to  effect  the 
passage  of  the  river.  Below  a  place  called  Chatham^ 
and  four  miles  above  Dalson's  is  the  third  unfordable 
branch  of  the  Thames :  the  bridge  over  its  mouth  had 
been  taken  up  by  the  Indians,  as  weH  as  that  at  McGre- 
gor's Mills,  one  mile  above ;  several  hmidred  of  the  In-; 
dians  iHBmained  to  dispute  our  passage,  and  upon  the 
arrival  of  tlie  advanced  guard,  commenced  a  heavy 
fire  from  the  opposite  bank  of  the  creek  as  well  as  that 
of  4he  liver.  Believing  that  the  whole  force  of  the  en- 
emy was  there,  I  halted  the  «rmy,  formed  in  order  of 
battle,  and  brought  up  our  two  six  pounders  to  cover  the 
party  that  was  ordered  to  repair  the  bri^^ ;  a  few  shot 
from  those  pieces  soon  drov«  ^  the  ind^ns,  ar  1  ena- 
bled  ds  iio  two  hours  to  repair  the  bridge,  and  cross  the 
troops..  .  CoL  Johnson's  Mounted  Regiment  being  upon 
the  right  of  the  army,  had  seized  upon  the  remains  of 
the  bridge  at  the  Mills  under  a  heavy  fire  from  the  iiTh 
dians.  Oar  loss  on  this  Qoeasion,  was  two  killed  and' 
three  or  four  wounded. — ^That  of  the  enemy  was  ascer*^ 
tain«d  to  be  much  greater.-*^  hotise  near  the  bri^e 
conraininf  a  very , considerable  number  of  muskets,  ha^> 
been  set  on  fire^  Init  was  extis^ished  by  our  trjdep^ 
and fte aims firved.'     ■  ..   .      ^.^-.-.ii 


*l^ 


HARRIBON'S  TICTaRf. 


33£ 


ips, 


At  the  first  farm  abovii  the  bridge,  we  found  one  o^ 
the  enemy's  vessels  on  fire,  loaded  wKb  arms  and  ord- 
nance stores,  and  learned  that  tbt|r  wer«  afew  miles* 
aheaiil  of  us,  still  on  the  right  bank  ef  the  rirer  with  Ihe* 
l^re&t  body  of  the  Indians.  At  Bowles'a  (arm,  4  mile9« 
&om  the  bridge,  we  halted  for  tiie  nigbtr  found  two<i>Cli-: 
er  vessels  and  a  large  distillery  filled  with  ordnance  aad 
other  Faluable  stores  to  an  immense  amount  in  flameA 
— it  was  impossible  to  put  out  the  fire — 2  24kpoundetfy, 
with  (heir  carriages  were  taken  and  a  large,  quantity  of 
balls  and  shells  oi  Tarious  sizes.  '^  The  army  was  put; 
in  motion  early  on  the  morning  of  the  fifth,  I  pushed  on^ 
in  advance  with  the  Monnted  Regiment  and  requested^. 
Got.  Shelby  to  follow  as  expeditiously  as  possible  with, 
the  infantry ;  the  Governor's  zeal  and  that  of  his  menr 
enabled  them  to  keep  up  With,  the  cavalry,  and  by  nine 
o'clock,  we  were  at  Arnold's  Mills,  having  taken  in  tbe^ 
course  of  the  morning  two  Gun  boatSy  and  aeireral  bat-^ 
teaux  loaded  with  provisions  and  ammunition. 

A  rapid  at  the  river  at  Arnold's  Mills  afibrds  the  oii% 
ly  fording  to  be  met  with  for  a  very  considerable  dis-^ 
lance,  but  upon  examination,  it  was  found  too  deepj 
for  the  tnfentry.    Having,  howevejr,  fortunately  taken 
two  "or  three  boats  and  some  Jbdian  canoes  on  tiie  spot^ 
and  obliging  the  horsemen  to  take  a  footman  behind; 
each,  the  whole  were  safely  crossed  by   12  o'cIock«r- 
Eight  miles  from  the  crossing  we  passed  a  farm,.- where 
a  part  of  the  British  troops  bad  encamped  the  night  be- 
fore,  under  the  command  of  Col  Warburton.     The  de«r 
tachment  with  Gen.  Proctor  had  arrived  the  day  before*, 
at  the  Moravian  towns,  4  miles  higher  up.    Being  now.^: 
certainly  near  the  en^my,  I  directed  the  advance  of. 
Johnson's  regiment  to  accelerate  their  march  for  the^ 
purpose  o^  procuring  intelligence.     The  officer  corny 
manding  it,  in  a  short  time,  sent  to  inform  me,  that  1^^ 
progress  was  stopped  by  the  enemy,  who  were  formeilt 
across  our  line  of  march.     One  of  the  eiiflmi^^  wq^% 
goners  being  also  taken  prisoner,  frOm  the  inliMrmatiqi|[r^^ 
received  from  him,  and  mj  own  ohservatiQii^  assiste^^r 


■f 


sn 


■^ 


HARRISON'S  VlGTORr. 


hytdthe  of  mf  oAeertf  soon  aseerttinetl  ctfotigfiLor 
Chfiir  posUioii  and  order  of  battle,  to  determine  thaf, 
wbtoh  it  was  propet  for  me  to  adopt. 

I  hare  the  honor  herewith  to  enclose  yen  my  general 
order  of  the  27th  ult.  prescribing  the  order  of  march, 
itnd  of  battk  wlien  the  whole  army  should  act  together. 
Botas  the  ntmiberaud  description  of  the  troops  hadbeeo' 
^MentiaHy  changed,  since  the  issuing  of  the  order,  it  be- 
came naeessary  to  make  a  correspoodhig  alteration  in 
their  disposition.  From  the  place  where  our  army  was 
hat  baited,  to  the  Moravian  towns  a  distance  of  about 
three  md  a  half  miles,  the  road  passes  through  a  beach 
Ibrest  without  any  clearing,  and  for  the  first  two  mile» 
Hear  to  the  bank  of  the  riTer.  At  from  two  to  309 
gratds  from  the  river,  a  swamp  extends  parallel  to  ft, 
througihout  the  whole  distaaee.  The  intermediate 
ground  is  dry,  and  although  the  trees  are  tolerably 
Biick,  H  is  in  many  places  clear  of  underbush.  Across 
this  strip  of  land,  its  left  uqqwyed  upon  the  river,  sup-' 
ftorted  by  artiUery  placed  in  the  wood,  their  right  in 
(he  swamp  covered  by  the  whole  of  the  Indian  force 
Uie  Britiflh  troops  were  drawn  up. 

The  troops  at  my  disposal  consisted  of  about  120 
i^golars  of  the  27th  regt.  five  brigades  of  Ken- 
lucky  volunteer  milkia  infantry,  under  his  Excellency 
Gov.  Shelby,  averaging  less  than  600  men,  and,  col. 
Johnson's  Regiment  of  Mounted  Infantry,  making  in 
the  whole  an  aggregate  somethitig  about  3000.  No 
disposition  of  an  army  opposed  to  an  Indian  force  can 
1^  safe  unless  it  is  secured  on  the  ilauks  and  in  th6  rear. 
I  had  therefore  no  difficulty  in  arranging  the  Infantr^ 
confocjnably  to  my  geheraiordet  of  battle.  Gen.  Trot*- 
ter's  brigade  of  500  men,  fonned  the  frontline,  his 
right  upon  the  road  and  his  left  upon  the' Swamp.  Gen'i 
King^  brigade  as  a  second  line,  1 60  yards  In  the  rear  of 
Trotter's  and  Chiles'  brigade  as  a  corps  of  reserve  uitili^ 
rear  of  it.  These  three  brigades  formed  the  comniaTid 
of  Major  General  Henry;  the  whole  of  Gen.  Ddsha'a' 
division,  consiftling  of  two  brigades,  were  (atuie^eii^ 
,poknce  upon  tht^^eft  of  Trotter. 


tout.. 


HARR18WS  VfOTOWft 


^ 


Whilst  I  was  engaged  kk^ormim^H^  ykatfy,  I  hii^ 
directed  Col,  Joh»i<Hi'i  Tegpnen^  ^ Which  was  still  hi 
front,  to  be  formed  In  two  KtiM  oppbsko  to  the  eneflajT) 
and  upon  the  advance  4t  the  i«faiilry>  to  take  ground  to 
tiie  left,  and  formkig  upon  that  flank  to  endeaTor  to  tmn 
the  right  of  thu  IndJans.     A  moments  reflecti<l%  how-^ 
eyer,  rciirinced  me  that  from  the  thickness  of  Uie  woodA 
and  swampness  of  the  ground^  th#y  would  be  unablo  to 
do  any  thing  on  horsebaek,  and  ttiere  was  no  time  to 
dismount  them  and  phMDC  their  horses  in  security,     i 
therefore  determined  lo  ^fuse  my  left  to  the  Indians^ 
and  to  brake  the  British  lines  at  once  by  a  charge  of  tho 
mounted  infantry ;  the  measure  was  not  sanctioned  by 
ai^hittg  I  had  e^er  seen  or  heard  of,  but  I  was  ful^  ■> 
convinced  that  it  would  succeed.    The  Ameritan  bacii 
woodsmen  ride  better  in  the  woods  than  any  other  peo< 
pie.     A  musket  or  rifle  is  no  impediment  to  them^  be«4 
ing  accustomed  to  them  from  their  earliest  youth.     If^ 
was  persuaded,  too,  that  the  enemy  would  be  quite  mt\ 
prepared  for  the  shock,  and  that  they  cc  id  not  resist  it  j.<> 
Conformable  to  this  ide%  I  directed  the  regiment  to  ho ' 
drawn  up  in  c^se  column,  with  its  right  at  the  dbtanco 
of  50  yards  from  the  road,  (that  it  migtit  be,  hi  sobHk 
me^surct  protected  by  the  trees  fmm  the  artf Uery;^  t(»> 
left  upon  the  swamp,  and  to  charge  at  full  speed  as  soon 
as  the  enemy  bad  delivered  their  ,6re.    The  few  regu<( 
lai;  troops  of  th^  27th  regiment,  under  Ck}l.  Paul,  oocu« 
pied  in  a  column  of  sections  of  fovr,  the  small  space  foe* 
tweenthe  road  ^and  the  river,  for  the  purpose  di  seizing 
the  enemy's  artilleiy)  and  some  ten  or  twelve  friendiy 
Indian)^  to  move  under  the  bank.    The  Crotchet  ibrmed 
by  the  /ront  jliae  ^d  (jfenDesha's  division  was  an  iHH 
portant  point    At  ^Ipiaee  tho  venerablie  Govembri^ 
Kenimfky  wii9e|iosted«  who  at  the  age  of  Sticty-Six|»ie- 
ser?e».4Ml  tht^gpr  of  youth,  4he  ardent  zeal  which  dis-^ 
tinguished  hli^  .in  the  revolutionary  war,  imd  tho  un^t 
dauAM brfiTQlsf^  which  he  manifested  at  King^sMoum 
tout.  ^WMh  m^r  aids. de  camp,  the  acting  assistiEaitadyt 
geoeml,  wC^t  fihitler,  my  ^Blta|i|j&iend  Com.  Pcriit^ 


1) 

'  '1 


'i 


.<AMW^ 


■vtel^ 


■i%^- 


^1 


BAJBmB&WB  rmrbtit: 


\-- 


.A 


4ift  ii^  ti|||]y|Hir  to  senrt$  aa  8i»r  Toiunteef  aid  de 
p^  «tt#  Bf^  ^^  Casfi,  whA,Mviflg  no  cominaiiid., 

tldefed  tne  Ms  fssiatuice,  t  plaeed  ^^SHelf  at  ihd  head 
^  the  ^onl  Hoe^  oif  infantry,  to  direct  the  m^rements  ol 
Ibe  fm0iejtt  an^  give  them  the  nectiisaiy  »upport. 

^Clltwinf  had  ;aoved  oi;i  ki  thl»  ord^r  but  a  short  dis- 
ispt^r  wh4^  the  mounted  meti  received  the  fire  of  the 
^i^{kh  line,  and  were'  ordered  to  charge ;  the  horses  i» 
4be  IfiJHEitef  the  cohiifiEr  recoiled  from  the  fire/  another 
was  given  by  the  enemy,  anf^  om  columu  at  length  get- 
^<tg  ia  motf 00,  bi  oke  through  <lie  enemy  with  irresistable 
i^e.  In  one  minute,  the  contest  in  front  was  over  : 
llie  British  officers  seeing  n^  ko^  el  redoing  theirdis- 
Ikr^ercjyfunksto  ordei'yandour  fiommted  men  wheel^f 
lai^n  them  and  i)ouiuig  in  a  destruetive  fire  immediateljr 
j^orren^red.  J  t  is  certain  that  tlir«  e  onSy  of  our  trc>op9 
were;  vroimdedln  uufrchar^— Upon  the  left*,  heweTei;^ 
file  content  was  moresevere  wVih  the  IndiaoSi.  Colos^ 
^ohnRon,  who  €<^ii^»i|idN|eii'  that  flank  of  his  re^men^^ 
xe<;?eiv|Kd|i  mosU^I^al  fire  fr^si  tbeoi^  which  was  retufi|<- 
friwithi;|refit^ct.  !Fhe  Indians  stiU  furtinef  lo  the 
li^  luilvafiGed  and  fell  in  with  our  ftoBt  line  of  iGfimtiyv 
neurit  ^ijlic^oa  with  BeshaV^ivifioB,  and  for  a  moment 
mad^  Kn  cinpression  uftm  it.  His  Bxcelleucy  GoTemor 
PN^Ihy,  However,  brought  up  a  regiment  to  its  support, 
and  the  ei^emy  receiving  a  severe  fire  in  Irpnt,  and  a  pai| 
of  Johnson's  regiment  having  gained  their  rear,  retreated 
with  preeipkatioa.  I^ir  loss  wa&  v^vy  considerable  is 
^e  action,  end  many  were  killed  m  their  retreat.     ^^ 

i  can  give  no  satisfactory  mfbrmatron  of  tiie  number 
of  Indian*  that  were  in  the  action,  but  they  nrast  have 
S^eei  eoBSid^^y  Hpwards^  of  one  thousand-  ,  Frofl» 
^  dociiiiitci^  in  my  posseskna,  (Cf^  Froetor's  o^cial 
UiietSt  aliji^  which  were  taken)  am!  frc^  Hh^  iof^rnift* 
tlon  <>rre8pectalile  inhs^itauts  of  this  ^iritory,  %e  Ifi- 
dians  kep^  in  pay  by  the  British  were  liMph  n^cn^  i!iii^ 
|ueroi|ji  tnan  haa  been  generally  suppose^.  In  a  letter 
to  General  de  P^M^nburgby  of  the  27th  uU,  Oeneral 
Froctcf Jipi^  of  fal^his  pr^taii^d  Qp(H|  32ili]^a£lhe  h- 


'*'"*9«*  ,  -»"_ 


'•W 


# 


'■•IC 


HAmiSp^'S 


"?!... 


4iM)6  to  accoiripw  lum.;^     €i  thiMe  |t  j^  (^E!i4^ 
fifty  or  sixty  TZyaijldt  watriors  ftbailidoiiel  iHjp^* 

^e  Dumber  df  #ir  tf^ope  werecertein^  gr< 
^^n  that  of  th(^«nera7,  bat  when  if  it  recollected, 
1h?y  had  taken  a  pofiition  that  effectnaHy  seipured  tn^^r 
flai!k,  which  it  wa&  Impbfisible  for  us  to  tprn,  Ifnd  Hhtt 
w<p  eould  not  present  to  them  ft  line  more  elite  tf<3i^  thai^ 
Uieir  own,  it  will  not  be  ^'.onsidered  arroguui^^to  tldtiif 
6>r  my  troops  the  palm  of  superidl" bravery.  ^ 

In  comiiaunicatmgto  the  President  throu^yoii,  8#, 
my  opinion  of  theeonductof  the  ofllcM*  who  senred 
imdermy  command,  I  am  at  a  loss  howto  nMotion  tha{ 
of  Governor  Shelby,  being  convinced  that  no  ^iiJogintn 
of  mine  can  reach  his  merits.  The  Governor,  of  an  in-, 
dependent  state,  greatly  my  superior  in  years,  experi- 
ence, and  in  military  character,  he  placed  himself  under 
my  command,  and  was  not  more  remarkable  for  his 
9eal  and  acUvity:,  than  for  the  promptitude  and  cheerfol- 
i|es8  with  which  he  oneyed  my  orders.  The  Major-€}eif-> 
erals  Henry  and  Desha,  and  the  Brigadiers  Alien,  Cald- 
weH,  Kmg,  Chiles  aiid  Trotter,  all  of  the  Kentucky 
Volunteers,  manifested  great  zeal  and  activity.  C^ 
Ciov.  Shelby's  staff,  his  Adji.  Gen.  Col.  M'Dow^,  n»^4 
his  quarter  master  CSen.  Col.  Walker,  rendered  g/eat 
service,  as  did  his  aids  de  carnp  Gen.  Adak,  and^Majois 
Barry  and  Chittenden.  The  miUtary  skill  Of  the  &aim^ 
was  of  great  senice  to  us,  and  the  activity  of  the  two 
latter  gentlemen  could  not  bt)  surpassed.  Illness  de- 
prived me  of  (he  talents  of  my  Adjt.  Gen.  Col.  Gia&i^* 
who  was  left  at  Sandwich.  His  duties  were  however 
ably  performed  by  (he  acting  asilistant  A<jl|t.  Gen.  Capt 
ibutler.  My  aids  de  camp  Lieut.  OTeion  and  Capt^ 
Todd  of  the  line,  and  my  volunteer  ald^  J^hn  Speeii; 
Smith  and  John  Chambers,  Esq.  have  reni^etvil^me  iMi 
lApst  important  servii^s  from  theopeoJiig  of  the«a&i^ 
palgft .  I  hjBve already  i^i^d  that  Gen.  Cass  and  Cotir 
Perry  assie^  me  in  :|^m{!t  the  troops  for 
Th^  former  ^  an  ^S^r'y^ 
appearance  oCtIm  JIkp  QMlltefeff^  cheered 
mated  ews^l 


^W 


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t3£:.^*:* 


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\ 


■f^ 


^.  ^^.j6]^<iii^  pastencoialiiiBs 
^4  Ilia  ir^^n^nt  Vetetane  €oiild 
^1  inor^yprnaMl.  llie  CotonePs 
^j™jeiwu8^#iil'prove  thaUie^w«»  in  tbe  post  of  dafi- 
'^l^r  li^^  J.  Johnsba  and  tbiJfitjcrs  Payne  ^kI 
1|^H^j|Mk>ift  ^^^i^  active,  iml^taorfi  fotlSamie, 

l^^P^|t<tf  the  engineers^  Already  distinguished  by  bis 
IN^M^i|^rt|||ei^aH)pnded1b«arnfy  wi0^  two  Bik 
p<m^im^.  paring^^  fise  for  them  in  the  aetion,  he 
jy^«M|^e  pkr^uit  (#tke  enemy  and  with  Maj.  Payne 
W  tti^'iiii^(Hi6ted  «e^men^  Aidi^de  campy 

if^^d  aind  Chani^lers,  and  three piiyiites,  conHmieditfO* 
jl^^ii|i^iWafterihere8tafthe  bt>opshad  halted,  and 
ijwlii^«i^j^i^i>ers.    '    --  .  .•.  =  .- 

^-^"f^lift  ^rarifty  befo^  ap  official  return  of  the|>tfed# 
^/oir'tyt  ^the  l^i^l^id^  fmwaded,  inf:^  mac^  oiit. 
h.  JM^Mijmeyer  ascertaiiRed  that  ti^e  former  amounts'  to 
ik)^  reguliOrs,  ineitidiDg  25  officers.  Our  loss  Is  TfeUted 
vsnAS^fl  ^B^tUMM.  5  of  which  have  ajnce  died.  -  Of  th« 
^rifish  i^la^S,  and  22  wounded^^  The  Indians  di^r^' 
^|8^^^^/  Ihtia^liaDsajBg  fa^Bu  fiikbd^npon  the 
'  1|?  th<|Bekaied  Q»  the  retr«irti 
/  t>f  tht  action,  six  ^eces  of  brass  artiU<M^ 
#^j|lWfli#^^wo  Iron  M  pounders  the  day  befer«^ 
~  «^  *-*  ^'itlllNiriere  diicoi^i^din^e  river  and  ca^^  be^ 
w'ipl.  Of  the  briisd  pieces,  three  ikrethe 
of  owa"  feV^lli^nary  war^  that  were  ti&en  af 
^lund  iroilc,ft»4  surrendered  by  General  Ilull3 
^Jbei-  otsmallarms  taken  by  08,  and  destroyed^ 
.^^  %ni&»flyv  Jiw®*  ex<y6ed  5008 ;  toost  of  them  Imd 
i^^  o^%j»4[  surrendered  at  DetroH,  the  river  RaHinif 
r.  midfey's  defeat.  1  believe  that  the  eneiiif  re- 
Olher  inlUtMy  trophy  of  their  victories  Iton  thd' 
'  ^Att  iU»  re|^.«^They  wer^  nol  tiM#)ani%^tt(r' 


'flft 


be 
the 

Hull3 


}tm 


SUBSCEIBKR^S  NAMES. 

^^a  ^yiQ^.;  Off  t^^iias  3^ld>via  r     Davkl  Lucas 
Micajah,J^urnh|Mli  ipi|aUiiin;JPu^U  >  JobnSeely 
John  Wf^Uviuqi^.;    6enjaD94D  Hph^rl^BefijaniiaOvil 
fif^vaL  Beokiiiik^i  ^.  lm%  ^miUi       i  J  Mj^ron  Osborn 
i^it«^,JliH*,,  John  H,  QolU«i9,.  ^IhrisilCiaght,   S  Clark. 
H4i^2yOllD,Tr.Thb8.  Pay  .  ll-IUliaoinl  John  Steele 
Wm..  Jameft  <    ,<v  l^aaljlliner  rn^r^lJ.  M^Ohenervard 

jR.  W.Ramsdell 
ri'J$meA  Skinner 
,  Peors9BtBton,2d 
:  'Polly;  Harriogton 
/James  SeU^y 


Phineas  Reed        Reuben  iQhap^ 
HenryJ^ii*^,]  .,  CJeorge  B.  U)h»i^ 
J usiiis  Sjin^^^! ',..,':  ..Stephei^  Campi  ■ 
Ki^nold^  i   *  L  ,i^ydia^|jeai|»., 
|.  &^|K,  Shepfifd.  Hess.  Se|ri|i#«if  ^' 
Q.  ^urnhpfi) jir>  . Wm  Slepheoson,;.  iBeorge  Burkitt 
Russ^lBki^m^r.^,  1^  (G^^^nl)ioB     '   f.  David C  Daoiela 
ThonijBfA.^liiFe;,  .  Lewis>  R4^ibftas€Ki»JI«  Joseph  Puller  j;^.! 
^^ijjBii  ^9i;»fajws    John  W  j^Mmphregr  Aron  Heath 
jphnjt^llapd    ;    Pfaipps  Denning        Catherine  Board- 
Ja8(»ijBitMfice.v,i, Isabel  Bo\7^^        ^  psian 

Reurjf}a«£|M?t JC   Josejih  Kelsey         John  May 
HEBRON -^Wimm^vLBii^W 

TORRINGTOS.-F  Reed  ^ m%  Tini.  EgglesoBt 
S  fi  Hitchcock  »;  Christopher  !Jfea8?>  IBaml  Beach  '; 
Elisha^^^wia,;  i\f  Noah  NorUi  • ;  ^  i()i«arge  Bissell  ;; 
Myron  jL^acUu  •    Alex.  Gillet  R^ifusley  Birge 

€0RNWALI^^6  Thompson  Joel  Wncht    Lot  Hart 
Oliver  Ford  James  Bunce^  Swift 

RQS^venspn  :^x1>eniel  Evciesi»jr  /£{n  »      iJ     cl 
8aml.  P  J(^n60iif , Oliver 4i0t^i69    l§mh  >1. 
David  Je>Yett    .    HezekiahGt^d,  <    Porter HokoA.ib 
Joseph  3>coyel  ,  .  I^leazer  .Cross     ,.  Samuel  Sterling 
^i^<>|"y.Pr<^\vn       JFam^s  F J^^ifbrd  Lory  Johnson 
S.IL/SfiaR3f^,  ^H  G  Non  i  A^  2^t   Hlorace  Tuj)per 
John.  i^is6<ell  i\i]^^  Fitch  (^itj^eiadoB  f  Samuel  Lee 
I||athan|€l  Barwim^^  Evitts  Moody    ,     Isaac  Borteli 
Uul^t^ai^d.  Peck      Jatmes  Harrir .        Simeon  Bolford 

SiJJROJV.—Jar^s  White,  2d.      Ajnos  Sanfon! 
Israel  White,  jr.     Peter  Drake  :^<..r(,iFela  Ofmstead 
L|#iff  Ja4iusoB  <  Ahij9h  Beehe    .    « J(M»eph  Bailey 
Charles  Barstoec  Benjamip  Youags;  Jphn  Church 
ErasttisLord      Amos  Chapoa^u  ?<  Simeon  Dawson 
Joaas  Pfatt  S  Rowley  Horace  Olmstead 


■V 


I  liiitlii  iliriTJaMtliifliiMiiaMlMd^ 


~7  T'^'^'T.VW  ^••-  — 


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B«feijftmlD  J<;ers 
RiClMHrd  Cold 
Oideoti  Sb«d3«y 
Peter  Drake 


Samuel  Jarvis,  jr.  John  Beebe  *^  "^^ 
C  M  Chaffees        I>vi  Peck 
Isaac  Lyman       Wifliain  Dobson 
Agustus  Ei^erett  Theodore  Darmefi^ 
Gamaliel  EtereU    Eti  Alltes 
Amos  Sandfard  John  Serville 


Calvin  Pease 
^Mioitos  Deane   - 
K  B  Thompson 
/lliadciis  Munsoil 
Henry  Stephen* ! 


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Alfred  Northnip  John  Xatware  P  Ctarlfc  €!ias 
TORR!NQF0RD.^^-John  Cooke,  jr.*    Is»a<5  Goodwin 
Guy  Wolcott'^*' Gotham  Itcs  Joseph  Palmer 

Amo9  Austin        Jeremiah  P  Milfe  '  Raosley  Birge 
Lewis  Auslia  *   "i  C  M  Cheffee 
CJN«£.IN  ii-^Hiram  Bcebfe 
Reuben^  Hunt '  ' "  Lynum  Mix 
Jwiob  Brown'  ;  "Barnes  Browli 
Bii  la  B  uckley      Jesse  Cuinp 
Barid  Wamci'     HaHow  Ferfn 
WOODS^OeK.^EdwbfA  Cairjpb^ll  John  Turner 
Saml.  M  Andrews  HeUry  Smi*h        N  R  Cahdce    ' 
John  G  Mlller^A^*  ^e^£te  LockwoSo^  Berijatnin  P  Davi^ 
^Christopher  WalSs  Robert  Campbell  •  Isaac  Tompkins 
John  I^lstead        Isaac  Dfmond     tV^illiam  Risley 
Heman  Stone      MP  Van  Gas  Peck    Isaac  Lott 
C'L/NTON,  (N  Y)— Cornelius  Van  Vlict 
JB/j/fe^,— Sawiiel  t?oHins 
Stockbridgel(\Mass)—J(^6eph  \f  Marsh 
Sau^rHus,'^5hin^s  'Wegregcr  Jacob  Winkhoop 
Hartmitm  ^Franklin  Dewey     ■     '  Julius  Alfred 
S^heldonljanford*^*^' Edward  Woodruff 
Jim/olr*^>^^ally  Barnes ' 

Li7<sfcj?e/e?>— PLCauleton        '      S^njahiin  Bradley 

Phinea?  B'  Taylor    Anson  Broth    Phiheas  Baldwi  a 

ERsha  Muiiger''-  \  Hdsea  Blinn     Mary  B  Bald w  in 

^  James  PierpoAt  James  Woodruff 
^Hufas  Hmith     '  Kathatiiel  Croodwin 
^  Medad  (Jibba^     jViariin  Curiis 
Joseph  Mason     '  Klisha  Mason 
Dan  Rbbeiria  Ellsha  Harrison  Jos.  BasMfett  J  E  Cartfp 
Omn;i^r,'(N.Y.)^-W  Guild,    W  A  Race,  C  HMhain. 
;f»7a/i/^<l>^  Jo^hiili  Van-BuiBetrolen 
/a/i5«/«m.^— ^i^etebbm  G  Jewelt 
WoiM^gtdn-^^  Allen,  EHalght,  E*on'Sch^m«rbom. 
Kcrwim.- *^Wtlltam  J  Denison  lijah  Grant 

jtfa*i^lfeW^.---Dltrw»  Dexter  Horatio  Palmer 

Alphew  Cbii»ibeii«ln  Ira  SpaflTofd   Nathaiiiel  \VaIe» 


Abagad  Peck' 
P  R  Bmmoiis 
Joseph  t^rnuA 
John  F^mum 


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.^Mybrrf. -Epliraiilti  Bay 

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Belab  ilibbard        Elisha  Sandford    Josepk  Tomer 
DbmM  Robertsob         Merwin  Cnrtiss    Asa  Coleinaa- 
Isaiah  Daggett  '  Chauooey  Pilbh  AtaoiMm  Vox 

Isaiah  Daggett,  jr.  Nathaniel  Rose  '4  'iJ.ii'i 

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Ruse  Babcock  Hezeklah  Edgerlon 

Marvin  Stowell    Gharlev  ThompsoD   EIfpfii)eiL>inft» 
David  Pausk        John  Fitch     *«  ».  •  ,,  .       ,  ■; 

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Lyman  Cady       Erastus  SnydiA  >  t  <  IsMc-Peeli     ^  ^ 
BURUNGTON'-J  PhelK -  L  Ganger  £3tiUman 
John  Rg  rers       Amervin  5liilman 
CHESTJik.^lru  Day  «>  o  ^  -  -    . 

WjiSHINGTOK  [Mw»[li^neoiKA\n  Hagenton 
Wj3TERT0trX.'*-€h«r\96  Mortimer 
Wm.  J  Punderson  Joseph  Edwairdd  Eli  Wakemaii 
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Jesse  Oriacd  t^Use        'Ashbel  Moses   ^  .»ilii;*4'AV  »«'»i/I 
SHEf^FlELiy^Wm  Athley        day  Shaw 
W  W  Day  Ira  A  Brown  BlmeoiiSage^o'i. 

6L/FF/£LD.^Edwin  Spears 

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Avin  Brown      Noble  Day  '  E  l^homlioson 

KENT.-^hevi  Stone  '  T»^  Ebene»er  Byeti% 

Birdly  BeariUy  Ephraim  B^mait      S  Wallia 
7r^RR£lV;i>^amUel  Gilbert     ^  Russei  Carter 
Judan  Eldred     Rufus  Swift     ^VrV  r  Jbdeph  Bennett 
NJSir-^RfeSTONl-^Neheniiah  Patterson 
^;W£JV7.f  .-^Francis  Knapp  Giforge  W  Heaftr 

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Oi^bbals  MHati^   19-^d^€f(«  Wm.  Chamberlain 
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GIUNBF.-^oseph  A  Oortlil  •    Milo  mioses 
ItoF^e  ttolfed&tf:  l^Jriy  Holccmib   J  CImrch 
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Nor/bM:.~(}gltiirLlilr  Jh^lHumphrej 
Rockvi/le.-rMfa^B  Oxford 

Nw/^/clr/.-.-Carlotte  kedvrell 
West-Hartford.— -iohn  Steele 
fM'fifb'^^^^jQhii  Ki&dedjr    JohO  Neff 
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Catdebitry. — Peter  Prak^'  ;Ww.  Foster 
Brooklyn. — Eben  Shepard  Abel  Price  W  Foster 
J(>6eplt;^^|»ler,-  Jr.  ,■ '  3dt|jattiin  Dresser 
TAom/wo}}.--- Robert >W  I;iiBefJohA-Willtinan 
Bavy(^rM«elrhiti|«  Botlomon  OoroeHiis         ^/:  I 
JiCt//tffg%oi-^BeDJamtii  J  Dext^t  Alfe^and^r  ThompsoB 
Nancy  Franklin     ^a¥id  Bas^ett      Abel  Adams,  j/tu^*, 
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Fo9/^t^-f*tetliftn  T^ade     'Eoifiry  Hopkins  A/  ^/ 

Gloucester  —David  Field     Bavid  Uouqd  r  ^  ' 

Humphrey  Wood         Wfl|.  Tflfner       A^ph  Smith. 
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Smt//»^<i^~feevi  Mowry      /f  il  V 
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Jonathan sIcdtlr^Majppiip!  M<s-iiinan  .,, 
Waterbnr^'^}ity9mn  Hine    Wai^  Pflck   S.^Thomsoii 
S^»r*ri<?j^.-^-OalVin  Wheelock 

Sitnsbury  -  -^laremly  Hilli^6   Jfed  C$6e^  G'p  Singsly 
Canto?*.^  *TIW3opbikw  Humphrey     Pavicl  Taytor 
Joel  Cook        Electa Bidweft       ^Samuel Abbot 
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